State preferences for the people in remote and northern territories of Russia

The necessity of special benefits and guaranties for distant territories, and areas of the Far North and equivalent territories, allocated in a special group, aimed at involvement of people and providing the needs of national economy with natural resources are described in the article. The author’s periodization of the legal development of northern benefits and guaranties was presented. The grounds for separating the periods were the years of regionalization of these territories and a set of state preferences granted to the population in different periods. Five stages are highlighted: first — pre-Soviet, tsarist period, when the benefits and guaranties were introduced for distant localities; second stage — 1923–1932, the foundations of the benefit system by territories and branches were laid; third — 1942–1945, the WWII years, when all benefits were collapsed or cancelled, fourth stage — 1946–1967, recovery of earlier established benefits, introduction the new benefits; fifth stage — 1990–2014, was ordering of benefits and guaranties due to the new economic realities; a part of benefits became a competence of labor law, defined by the Labor Code of the Russian Federation. The authors conclude that the development activities in the northern territories were the main goal of the government, and, therefore, the legal regulation of guaranties and benefits for the employees of the Far North and equivalent for them territories were also a priority. During the 20th century and in the beginning of the 21st century, the benefits for the employees of the Far North and equivalent territories had been repeatedly changed. They were expanded or limited depending on the necessity and opportunities of the state

Migration processes in the Komi republic: evaluation and trends

The article describes the main trends of migration processes in the Komi Republic in the period from the 1990s to the present; the analysis of internal and external migration is shown; the factors which determine the focus and effectiveness of migration processes are given. Special attention is paid to rural-urban migration.В статье рассмотрены основные тенденции миграционных процессов в Республике Коми в период с 1990-х годов по настоящее время; сделан анализ внутренней и внешней миграции; выделены факторы, определяющие направленность и результативность миграционных процессов, особое внимание уделено сельско-городской миграции

Migration Factor and Components of the Demographic Dynamics in Komi Republic — a Part of the Russian Arctic

The article discusses the dynamics of the number in the Komi Republic over a long period of time (1897-2018), presents the components of demographic dynamics, the results of natural and mechanical migration.Рассматривается динамика численности населения Республики Коми за относительно длительный период времени (1897-2018 гг.), приводятся компоненты демографической динамики, результаты естественного и механического прироста населения

Demographic Assessment of the Sustainability of Small and Medium-sized Cities in the Russian North

C приходом рыночных отношений малые и средние города оказались заброшенной периферией с массой экономических и социальных проблем, в отличие от крупных и больших городов. В то же время именно малые и средние города образуют основной каркас расселения населения, обеспечивают заселенность северных территорий. Цель этой статьи - раскрыть значение малых и средних городов в системе расселения российского Севера путем исследования демографической динамики малых и средних городов 13 регионов российского Севера. Выдвинута гипотеза: демографическая устойчивость малых и средних городов зависит от времени их образования. Методика оценки демографической устойчивости городов включает 5 групп городов: демографически устойчивые, относительно устойчивые, неустойчивые, устойчивость критическая, устойчивость отсутствует. Выделены четыре периода формирования малых и средних городов: первый (1584-1917 гг.) - период колонизации, второй (1918-1959 гг.) - период индустриализации и урбанизации, третий (19601989 гг.) - переход от принуждения к поощрению, четвертый «депрессивный период» (1990-2020 гг.) - смена парадигмы - от обживания к пребыванию, массовый отток населения. В каждом периоде произведена оценка городов по уровню демографической устойчивости. Она показала две противоположные тенденции в зависимости от периода образования городов: постоянный рост доли демографически устойчивых городов и уменьшение доли городов с критическим уровнем и отсутствием демографической устойчивости. Исследование выявило сходство (концентрация населения в больших и крупных городах) и различие в структуре поселений на Севере (выше доля населения, проживающего в малых и средних городах, пгт, ниже - на селе). В перспективе необходимо разработать методику оценки степени «насыщенности» пространства российского Севера малыми и средними городами.Since the dissolution of the USSR and advent of market relations, small and medium-sized Russian cities have experienced many economic and social problems due to their peripheral status. At the same time, they form the main framework for the settlement of the northern territories. The research aims to reveal the importance of small and medium-sized cities in the settlement system of 13 regions of the Russian North by studying their demographic dynamics. We examined the hypothesis that the demographic sustainability of these cities depends on the time of their formation. A proposed methodology for assessing the demographic sustainability of cities is based on five groups: demographically sustainable, relatively sustainable, unsustainable, critically unsustainable, instability. Four periods of the formation of small and medium-sized cities are defined: colonisation of the Russian North (1584-1917); industrialisation and urbanisation of the northern territories (1918-1959); from coercion to encouragement - northern romance (1960-1989); from settlement to abandonment - depopulation (1990-2020). For each period, the cities were assessed in terms of their demographic sustainability. The current sustainability of the cities was shown to be dependent on the period of their formation. Compared with the rest of Russia, the structure of settlements in the North revealed both similarities (concentration of the population in large cities) and differences (the proportion of the population living in small and medium-sized cities is higher, but lower in rural areas). Future research will focus on developing a methodology for assessing the «saturation» of small and medium-sized cities in the Russian North.Исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке РФФИ и БРФФИ в рамках научного проекта № 20–510–00007. Авторы выражают признательность Е. Клинцовой за помощь в подготовке рукописи к печати.The article has been prepared with the support of Russian Foundation for Basic Research and the Belarusian Republican Foundation for Fundamental Research, the project No. 20–510–00007. The authors would like to thank E. lintsova for help in preparing the article

The migration impact on population' s ethnic structure in thE Russian North

The dynamics of population and the ethnic structure in the Russian North are considered. Special attention is paid to ethnic groups with national-territorial entities. It is concluded that the population’s ethnic structure of the host territories has changed under the migrations influence.Рассматривается динамика численности и этническая структура населения Севера России. Особое внимание уделено этносам, имеющих национально-территориальные образования. Делается вывод, что под влиянием миграций изменился этнический состав населения принимающих территорий

Population settling in the russian Arctic: theory and practice

Рассмотрены теоретические вопросы расселения населения в АЗРФ, проанализированы изменения системы расселения в 2000-е гг.; показана динамика населения городов Арктики, описаны состояние и перспективы развития поселков городского типа.The article deals with the theoretical population resettlement issues in the Arctic area of the Russian Federation, the article gives an analysis of changes in settlement system in the 2000s; shows the dynamics of the urban population in the Arctic, describes the condition and prospects of development of urban village.Статья подготовлена в рамках Комплексной программы Уральского отделения РАН, проекты № 15-15-7-8 «Города российской Арктики: среда жизнедеятельности и механизм обеспечения хозяйствующих субъектов человеческими ресурсами» (2015-2017 гг.); № 15-19-7-2 «Миграционные процессы на Российском Севере: между ассимиляцией и мультикультурализмом» (2015-2017 гг.)

Parenthood through the students' eyes

Using the monitoring of reproductive attitudes of students, the article examines various assessments of parenthood, that include motherhood, the problems of living in the same household with parents, expecting help from children by parents in old age. The article shows value orientations of young people and the impact of having children on their livelihoods.На основе мониторинга репродуктивных установок студенческой молодежи рассматриваются различные оценки родительства: материнства, совместного проживания родителей с детьми, ожидание помощи от детей в старости. Приводятся ценностные ориентации молодежи, оценивается влияние детей на их жизнедеятельность

Sustainable development of the northern regions: Population dimension

The topic of sustainable development in the modern context has emerged due to international reports «The Limits to Growth» and «Our Common Future», the Rio de Janeiro conferences, the «Millennium Declaration» and the document «Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development». The documents noted the importance of developing indicators to measure sustainable development. However, practice has shown that the universal set of indicators at the country and international levels is still has not been developed. In the main systems of indicators of sustainable development, demographic indicators are insufficiently represented. The use of demographic indicators will allow to move to a new assessment — demographic sustainability. Since the early 1990s, more than 35,000 domestic works have been published on the topic of sustainable development, but only 1.3 % of them have been devoted to demographic issues. The article suggests evaluating demographic sustainability according to twenty-five indicators. On the basis of these indicators, we have calculated the integral index of demographic sustainability. It allowed to rank all northern regions according to the degree of sustainability: critical, low, medium, high. From 2000 to 2015, there was an increase in demographic sustainability: there were no regions with critical sustainability. But nowadays, most of the regions are still characterized by low and medium sustainability. We have substantiated that the demographic sustainability of the northern regions can be achieved under the following conditions: slightly expanded population reproduction; the able-bodied part of the population is sufficient to supply the branches of the national economy with labour resources; the number of people entering into labour activity exceeds the outgoing human resources; sex-age proportions are optimal; reduction in the difference in life expectancy between the sexes, a city, a village, separate ethnic groups. Furthermore, the negative migration balance of the territory is formed as a result of the fact that the number of retiring persons older than the working age and who have lost their ability to work exceeds the incoming migration flows from persons of working age. The results of the study can be used as a theoretical and methodological basis for determining the demographic sustainability at different levels of governance. © 2018 Institute of Economics Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.Предложены подходы оценки устойчивого развития северных регионов на основе демографических показателей, как в статистике, так и в динамике. Рассмотрены демографические показатели в системе индикаторов международных организаций и России. Представлены результаты ранжирования северных регионов по демографической устойчивости.The authors are grateful to Galina Fauzer and Anna Goncharenko for their help in preparing the manuscript for publication. The article has been prepared on the results of the research Demographic and labor factors of sustainable development of the Russia