State of Art Survey for IoT Effects on Smart City Technology: Challenges, Opportunities, and Solutions

Automation frees workers from excessive human involvement to promote ease of use while still reducing their input of labor. There are about 2 billion people on Earth who live in cities, which means about half of the human population lives in an urban environment. This number is rising which places great problems for a greater number of people, increased traffic, increased noise, increased energy consumption, increased water use, and land pollution, and waste. Thus, the issue of security, coupled with sustainability, is expected to be addressed in cities that use their brain. One of the most often used methodologies for creating a smart city is the Internet of Things (IoT). IoT connectivity is understood to be the very heart of the city of what makes a smart city. such as sensor networks, wearables, mobile apps, and smart grids that have been developed to harness the city's most innovative connectivity technology to provide services and better control its citizens The focus of this research is to clarify and showcase ways in which IoT technology can be used in infrastructure projects for enhancing both productivity and responsiveness

A State of Art Survey of Nano Technology: Implementation, Challenges, and Future Trends

Nanotechnology is a field of study that aims to make our lives easier, safer, and more environmentally friendly. With current upgrades and alterations to available networking and communication paradigms, incorporating Wireless Nano Sensor Networks (WNSN) with various products, sensors, and devices would introduce new network paradigms. The Internet of Nano Things is a term for this concept (IoNT), To achieve seamless interconnection between Nano networks and existing communication networks and the Internet, many topologies and communication paradigms must be developed while technological hurdles are addressed. The amount of data accessible limits how much research and decision-making can be done. This research visualizes a wide range of nanotechnology applications. The goal of this project was to show in more than way this research method may be used to information recommendation services. The routing protocol is critical in WNSN and IoNT because of the many nanoscale constraints. While ensuring the flow of data and information, this routing protocol must take into account the specific features of nanoscale communication.This research aims to provide insight into the WNSN (Wireless Nano Sensor Networks) and IoNT (The Internet of Nano Things) paradigms, as well as a detailed assessment of a large number of current routing protocols that are tailored to the characteristics and features of nano communication. Big data applications with their features and characteristics in general also use cloud computing. This paper explains different hands based on neural networks and implemented on FPGAs (which is Field-Programmable Gate Array) and other genetic algorithms and neural networks. Many more approaches and models compare

Deep Learning Approaches for Intrusion Detection

Recently, computer networks faced a big challenge, which is that various malicious attacks are growing daily. Intrusion detection is one of the leading research problems in network and computer security. This paper investigates and presents Deep Learning (DL) techniques for improving the Intrusion Detection System (IDS). Moreover, it provides a detailed comparison with evaluating performance, deep learning algorithms for detecting attacks, feature learning, and datasets used to identify the advantages of employing in enhancing network intrusion detection

SARS-CoV-2 vaccination modelling for safe surgery to save lives: data from an international prospective cohort study

Background: Preoperative SARS-CoV-2 vaccination could support safer elective surgery. Vaccine numbers are limited so this study aimed to inform their prioritization by modelling. Methods: The primary outcome was the number needed to vaccinate (NNV) to prevent one COVID-19-related death in 1 year. NNVs were based on postoperative SARS-CoV-2 rates and mortality in an international cohort study (surgical patients), and community SARS-CoV-2 incidence and case fatality data (general population). NNV estimates were stratified by age (18-49, 50-69, 70 or more years) and type of surgery. Best- and worst-case scenarios were used to describe uncertainty. Results: NNVs were more favourable in surgical patients than the general population. The most favourable NNVs were in patients aged 70 years or more needing cancer surgery (351; best case 196, worst case 816) or non-cancer surgery (733; best case 407, worst case 1664). Both exceeded the NNV in the general population (1840; best case 1196, worst case 3066). NNVs for surgical patients remained favourable at a range of SARS-CoV-2 incidence rates in sensitivity analysis modelling. Globally, prioritizing preoperative vaccination of patients needing elective surgery ahead of the general population could prevent an additional 58 687 (best case 115 007, worst case 20 177) COVID-19-related deaths in 1 year. Conclusion: As global roll out of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination proceeds, patients needing elective surgery should be prioritized ahead of the general population

Students' participation in collaborative research should be recognised

Letter to the editor

Global economic burden of unmet surgical need for appendicitis

Background There is a substantial gap in provision of adequate surgical care in many low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to identify the economic burden of unmet surgical need for the common condition of appendicitis. Methods Data on the incidence of appendicitis from 170 countries and two different approaches were used to estimate numbers of patients who do not receive surgery: as a fixed proportion of the total unmet surgical need per country (approach 1); and based on country income status (approach 2). Indirect costs with current levels of access and local quality, and those if quality were at the standards of high-income countries, were estimated. A human capital approach was applied, focusing on the economic burden resulting from premature death and absenteeism. Results Excess mortality was 4185 per 100 000 cases of appendicitis using approach 1 and 3448 per 100 000 using approach 2. The economic burden of continuing current levels of access and local quality was US $92 492 million using approach 1 and$73 141 million using approach 2. The economic burden of not providing surgical care to the standards of high-income countries was $95 004 million using approach 1 and$75 666 million using approach 2. The largest share of these costs resulted from premature death (97.7 per cent) and lack of access (97.0 per cent) in contrast to lack of quality. Conclusion For a comparatively non-complex emergency condition such as appendicitis, increasing access to care should be prioritized. Although improving quality of care should not be neglected, increasing provision of care at current standards could reduce societal costs substantially

Global economic burden of unmet surgical need for appendicitis

Background There is a substantial gap in provision of adequate surgical care in many low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to identify the economic burden of unmet surgical need for the common condition of appendicitis. Methods Data on the incidence of appendicitis from 170 countries and two different approaches were used to estimate numbers of patients who do not receive surgery: as a fixed proportion of the total unmet surgical need per country (approach 1); and based on country income status (approach 2). Indirect costs with current levels of access and local quality, and those if quality were at the standards of high-income countries, were estimated. A human capital approach was applied, focusing on the economic burden resulting from premature death and absenteeism. Results Excess mortality was 4185 per 100 000 cases of appendicitis using approach 1 and 3448 per 100 000 using approach 2. The economic burden of continuing current levels of access and local quality was US $92 492 million using approach 1 and$73 141 million using approach 2. The economic burden of not providing surgical care to the standards of high-income countries was $95 004 million using approach 1 and$75 666 million using approach 2. The largest share of these costs resulted from premature death (97.7 per cent) and lack of access (97.0 per cent) in contrast to lack of quality. Conclusion For a comparatively non-complex emergency condition such as appendicitis, increasing access to care should be prioritized. Although improving quality of care should not be neglected, increasing provision of care at current standards could reduce societal costs substantially