Double skeletal staining

İkili iskelet boyaması, sonuçlarının güvenilir olması nedeniyle; deneysel teratolojik çalışmalarda en sık kullanılan yöntemdir ve bu nedenle de teratoloji çalışan araştırmacılar tarafından iyi bilinmesi son derece önemlidir. Bu derlemenin amacı; iskelet boyamasında, ilk uygulanmaya başlandığı tarihlerden günümüze kadar gerçekleşen başlıca gelişmeleri özetleyerek araştırmacılara kaynak oluşturmaktır. İskelet boyamalarında ilk önemli gelişme kemiğin alizarin red S ile boyanmasıdır. Ardından, termdeki deney hayvanı fetuslarının iskeletinin önemli bir bölümünün kıkırdaktan oluşması nedeniyle, sadece kemiğin boyanmasının yeterli olmayacağı düşünülerek kıkırdak bölümleri boyayacak uygun ajanlar aranmaya başlanmıştır. Bu amaçla, methylen blue, toludin blue, methyl green ve rezorsin fuksin denenmiş, ancak tatmin edici sonuçların alındığı boya alcian blue olmuştur. Bu iki boyanın beraber kullanıldığı ikili iskelet boyaması yöntemlerinin yayınlanmasının ardından da; boyanma kalitesini arttırmayı, işlemin süresini kısaltmayı, erişkin deney hayvanlarında kullanılabilecek metotlar tanımlamayı, boyama işlemini daha basit ve daha pratik hale getirmeyi, iskelet boyamalarını farklı amaçlara sahip diğer teknikler ile bir arada kullanmayı ve farklı türlerin fetuslarında kullanılabilecek metotlar geliştirmeyi amaçlayan çalışmalar yapılmıştır.Because of its trustable results, double skeletal staining is the most widely used method in experimental teratological studies and should be known very well by the researchers who work teratology. This review aims to form a source for the teratology researchers by summarizing the developments about the skeletal staining from the first day to today. The first important development of skeletal staining has been the staining of bone with alizarin red S. After that, because the skeleton of the foetuses of laboratory animals at term contains a considerable amount of cartilage, it has been realized that staining of the bone alone is insufficient and search for a dye, which will stain the cartilage properly, has been started. For this aim, methylen blue, toludin blue, methyl green and rezorsin fuksin has been tested, but the satisfactory result were obtained with alcian blue. After the publication of double skeletal staining methods in which these two dyes were used; studies which aim to increase the quality of the staining, to decrease the duration of the staining, to simplify the staining method, to use the skeletal staining with other methods and to describe methods which can be used in different species has been done

A rare unilateral origin variation of obturator artery: a cadaver study

ADAMTS’ler (A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase with Thrombospondin motifs) hem memelilerde hem de omurgasızlarda bulunan bir ekstrasellular proteaz ailesidir. ADAMTS ailesinin üyeleri, ADAM (A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase) ailesi üyelerinden, çok sayıda kopyası bulunan thrombospondin 1 benzeri tekrarlar ile ayrılır. ADAMTS proteazlar agrekan, versikan ve brevikanı parçalama, prokollejenin ve von willebrand faktör işlenmesinde görev alır. Bağ doku organizasyonu, koagülasyon, inflamasyon, artrit, anjiyogenez ve hücre göçü gibi pek çok önemli role sahip olduğu gösterilmiştir. ADAMTS’ler modular organizasyon, protein sekansı, gen sekansı ve substrat tercihinin korunmuşluğu ile gruplandırılırlar. ADAMTS1 ilk kez 1997 yılında kaşeksik kolon kanseri modelinde yüksek oranda ifade edilen bir gen olarak gösterilmiştir. Hem agrekanaz hemde anti-anjiyogenetik aktivitesi bulunan ADAMTS1’in çoğu patofizyolojik koşulda regülasyonunun bozulduğu bilinmektedir. Çok sayıdaki araştırmacı pek çok kanser tipinde ADAMTS1 ifade edilmesindeki düzenlenmenin bozulduğunu göstermiştir. Bu makalede ADAMTS ailesi ve ailenin ilk üyesi olan ADAMTS1’in kanserdeki rolünün nasıl aydınlatıldığı ve transkrispiyonel regülasyonu hakkında son bilgiler sunulacaktır.ADAMTS (a disintegrin and metalloprotease with thrombospondin motifs) is a novel family of extracellular proteases found in both mammals and invertebrates. Members of the family may be distinguished from the ADAM (a disintegrin and metalloprotease) family members based on the multiple copies of thrombospondin 1-like repeats they carry. Known functions of ADAMTS proteases include processing of procollagens and von Willebrand factor as well as catabolism of aggrecan, versican and brevican. They have been demonstrated to have important roles in connective tissue organization, coagulation, inflammation, arthritis, angiogenesis and cell migration. ADAMTS can be grouped into distinct clades within which there is conservation of modular organization, protein sequence, gene structure and possibly, of substrate preference. ADAMTS1 is a new member of the ADAM family of genes, which has been identified in 1997 as a gene highly expressed in the cachexigenic murine colon 26 adeno carcinoma cells in vivo. It has been shown that the expression of ADAMTS1 that has both anti-angiogenetic and aggrecanese activity was disregulated in many pathophysiologic circumstances. The expression of ADAMTS1 has been down regulated in many cancer types. In this paper, ADAMTS gene family and how the role of ADAMTS1 gene in cancer will be presented

Effects of Monensin and Rapamycin Combination Therapy on Tumor Growth and Apoptosis in a Xenograft Mouse Model of Neuroblastoma

Neuroblastoma is the most common pediatric solid tumor originating from the neural crest. New treatment options are needed to improve treatment outcomes and the survival of patients with neuroblastoma. Monensin is an ionophore antibiotic with antiparasitic, antibacterial, and anticancer properties isolated from Streptomyces cinnamonensis. The aim of this study was to investigate the therapeutic effects of single and combined monensin and rapamycin treatments on mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) signaling pathway-mediated apoptosis and tumor growth in an SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell xenograft model. Control, monensin, rapamycin, and monensin + rapamycin groups were formed in the xenograft neuroblastoma model obtained from CD1 nude mice, and tumor volumes and animal weights were recorded throughout the treatment. In xenograft neuroblastoma tumor tissues, apoptosis was determined by TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling) and cleaved-caspase 3 immunohistochemistry, and PI3K (phosphoinositide-3-kinase)/AKT/mTOR expression was determined by the immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence methods. The combination of monensin and rapamycin was to reduce the growth of xenograft neuroblastoma tumor tissues, trigger apoptosis, and suppress the expression of PI3K/AKT/mTOR. A significant increase in apoptotic cell rate was demonstrated in the combination group, supported by cleaved-caspase 3 immunohistochemistry results. In addition, it was reported that the combination treatment regime triggered apoptosis by reducing the expression of phosphorylated PI3K/AKT/mTOR. Our preclinical results may be a precursor to develop new therapeutic approaches to treat neuroblastoma

Colour Doppler Imaging of Superior Ophthalmic Vein in Thyroid-Associated Eye Disease

Purpose: One of the possible etiologies of proptosis in patients with thyroid-associated eye disease is stated to be passive orbital venous congestion caused by the occlusive and constrictive changes of the superior ophthalmic vein (SOV). In an attempt to clarify the validity of this claim, quantitative information on the flow velocity of the SOV was obtained by colour Doppler imaging in 24 patients with thyroid-associated eye disease and compared with data from the control group. Methods: On clinical examination, ocular motility, proptosis, soft tissue involvement, and the presence of optic neuropathy were evaluated. The interaction of these signs with the flow velocity of the SOV was investigated in conjunction with computed tomographic (CT) findings such as extraocular muscle enlargement, dilatation of the SOV, and apical crowding of the orbit. Results: The mean blood flow velocity was significantly decreased in patients compared to the control group ( P Ͻ .05). The CT measures that contributed to significant decreases in SOV blood flow velocity were apical crowding ( P Ͻ .05) and the coexistence of horizontal and vertical extraocular muscle involvement ( P Ͻ .05). Among the clinical measures, significant decreases could be attributed to soft tissue findings ( P Ͻ .01) and to optic neuropathy ( P Ͻ .05). Conclusions: External compression of the SOV may contribute to the SOV blood flow decrease in orbits afflicted with thyroid eye disease, but proptosis is not relevant to the SOV blood flow decrease. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2002;46:341-34

Antiinflammatory effects of adalimumab, tocilizumab, and steroid on lipopolysaccharide-induced lung injury

Background/aim: Acute lung injury (ALI) is a major cause of death in the intensive care unit. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced lung injury is the most widely used experimental ALI model and provides opportunities for new targeting therapy. In this study, we investigated the effects of tocilizumab, adalimumab, and methylprednisolone in LPS-induced acute lung injury. Materials and methods: Lung injury was established by intratracheal instillation of LPS. The rats were randomly divided into six groups: LPS, control, and treatment groups (adalimumab, tocilizumab, methylprednisolone, adalimumab + tocilizumab). Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and lung tissues were collected at 48 h and 96 h following LPS administration from each group. For histological analysis, hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining was performed. The sections were obtained for immunohistochemical analysis. IL-6 and TNF-alpha immunoreactivity were measured. Results: Intratracheal LPS application resulted in inflammatory cell infiltration of interstitial and alveolar spaces and thickening of the alveolar wall. All treatment groups showed significantly amelioration compared to LPS at 48 h. Interestingly, adalimumab and adalimumab + tocilizumab groups showed a significant amelioration of the lung histoarchitecture, compared to the prednisolone group at 96 h (p = 0.028, p = 0.025, respectively). Compared to the control group, LPS stimulation resulted in a significant increase in IL-6 and TNF-alpha immunoreactivity (p 0.05). Conclusion: Adalimumab and/or tocilizumab significantly reduce the release of proinflammatory cytokines and improve the tissue inflammation in the experimental model of ALI. Our results suggest that adalimumab and/or tocilizumab have a more potent antiinflammatory effect on lung injury than the steroid