Relation of Urobilinogen Presence Resence in the Selection of Food (Salty or Sweet)?

The total amount of 100 subjects were contributed in this review and all were the students who are studying in Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan. The bilirubin is metabolized in the gut which produced a colorless pigment known as urobilinogen. It is by-product of bilirubin which is used to break down the red blood cells in hemolysis. Salty food contains usually more minerals and vitamins while sweet food is enriched with carbohydrates, water and many other fats soluble substances. Every person has a unique taste according to their taste buds. A questionnaire based was made to relate the urobilinogen with the food (salty or sweet). Urinalysis is a method which is used to measure the urobilinogen in urine. It was concluded that there is a scientific relation between the presence of urobilinogen in urine with eating of salty or sugary food. Table no. 1 represents that urobilinogen play important role in the choice of eating either salty food more or sweet

Cellular and Molecular Signature of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

PhDOral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the sixth most common cancer worldwide. It is a result of numerous aetiological factors such as genetic predisposition, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption and viruses such as the human papilloma virus. Due to late diagnosis it has a high mortality and morbidity rates which has remained unchanged over the last 5 decades. Currently no screening is available for high risk patients for better monitoring. Diagnosing OSCC relies on histopathology of biopsy tissue, reviewed for dysplasia and advancing lesions. Although the technique has been used for decades for successful diagnosis it fails to identify the molecular signature of OSCC which appears much before the visual signs. It also falls short in predicting the malignant transformation of pre-malignant oral lesions. Identifying the molecular and genetic changes leading to OSCC lesion will aid in more specific (quantitative) and early diagnosis of the disease reducing the financial burden of treating late-stage OSCC patients on the healthcare system. This study focuses on developing new adjuncts which can be used alongside histopathology for early diagnosis. There is a need to monitor high risk patients through non-invasive methods causing less patient discomfort. We therefore explored the potentials of exosomes which are extracellular vesicles secreted by normal and tumour cells. They can be isolated from body fluids such as blood and saliva. In cancer biology exosomes offer both diagnostic and therapeutic advantage. Their involvement in cell-cell communication indicates their influence in tumour development, progression, metastasis and therapeutic efficacy. Exosomes released by cancerous cells carry numerous biomarkers, which are passed on to healthy cells via microenvironment, causing stromal and angiogenic activation along with immune escape. In this study exosomes were successfully isolated from body fluids (blood, saliva and plasma) and cell line supernatant through ultracentrifugation and characterised by visual and particle size quantification techniques including Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Zetasizer and Nanosight Tracking Analysis (NTA). Exosomal specific membrane proteins were identified through Western blotting. 5 We report the presence of a potential protein biomarker located exclusively on the outer membrane of cancer exosomes. Since body fluids consist of a heterogeneous population of exosomes derived from multiple cell types, such surface biomarker can potentially be used to isolate OSCC exosomes. Characterisation of exosomal mRNA cargo was done using Agilent Bioanalyzer (for RNA quantity and quality assurance) and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR; for gene specific quantitation). Functional significance of exosomes was studied by transfecting normal oral keratinocyte cells with self and cancer-derived exosomes. Through gene-expression microarray and subsequent RT-qPCR verification, we report a panel of differentially expressed genes involved in essential cellular functions being modulated by exosome transfection. A previously developed molecular diagnostic system by our research group called quantitative malignancy index diagnostic system (qMIDS) based on FOXM1 oncogene and its downstream targets was validated on archival formalin fixed paraffin embedded OSCC patient biopsy samples. We report that qMIDS index successfully correlates with the disease stages including dysplasia, tumour and lymph node metastasis. Furthermore, through meta-analysis of 8 OSCC microarray studies we identified a panel of six genes including PLAU, FN1, CDCA5, CRNN, CLEC3B and DUOX1 (q6) which are able to identify two clinically distinct sub-groups of OSCC patient population. Through RT-qPCR the expression of q6 biomarkers was established in 100 OSCC biopsy samples. This information can be of immense importance in developing personalized treatment strategies based on the molecular makeup of the presenting tumour

The effect of N-acetyl cysteine on H2O2 mediated oxidative stress in Whartonʼs jelly derived mesenchymal stem cells

Background: Hypoxic stress is a crucial factor for retaining the cell survival in injured tissue. Overcoming this issue is the key for successful cellular regenerative therapy. Therefore the purpose of this study was to investigate whether the in-vitro pretreatment of Whartonʼs Jelly (WJ) derived Mesenchymal stem cells (WJ-MSCs) with an antioxidant, namely N-acetylcysteine (NAC), can improve the efficacy of WJ-MSCs for transplantation purpose.Methods: WJ-MSCs were cultured with or without NAC at different concentrations (0.1mM, 1mM and 10mM). To simulate oxidative stress conditions, cultures were exposed to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) 100 µM for 1 hour. Cytoprotective effect of NAC was evaluated by determining cell injury, viability, and proliferation. The oxidative stress is assessed by measuring the activity of glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and malodialdehyde (MDA).Results: Pretreatment of WJ-MSCs with NAC increased their viability and proliferation in concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, 10 mM NAC significantly reduced the H2O2 induced oxidative stress by enhancing the activity of GSH, SOD, and CAT and reduced the level of MDAConclusion: The study results indicate that NAC may abrogate H2O2 induced oxidative-stress of WJ-MSCs. This study provides basis to explore NAC effect on WJ-MSCs survival without cytotoxicity

Pediatric leukemia related depression in Pakistan

The purpose of this letter is to describe the problem facing during and after the treatment of pediatric leukemia. Depression and anxiety are the most leading challenges faced by children and its family. Anti-depressant used to cope this problem but they have many side effects. So, timely proper diagnosis, good healthy behavior of health care professionals and nurses and positive psychological therapy may be useful to reduce the stress level, effectiveness of social stigma, anxiety and hopelessness in Pediatric leukemia survivor children. By implementation of positive psychological therapy in government hospitals of Pakistan rate of better progression recovery after chemotherapy in pediatric leukemic patients towards the stress free life could be possible.Pediatric leukemia is preponderant malignancy in children under age 18 in Punjab, Pakistan. It is most eminent cancer among the children in which body produces abnormal immature lymphoblast which do not form a mature lymphocyte for normal functioning of body [1]. Leukemia is an assemblage of disorders that affect the blood making tissues in spleen and in many other parts such as bone marrow and lymphatic system. The leukemia means “white blood” because it is specifically associated with the white blood cell (leukocytes) proliferation. Production of specified blood cells from stem cells are formed according to requirement of body by hematopoiesis process. In leukemia myeloid or lymphoid cells are defected.According to Punjab Cancer Registry report 2018, 3.5% leukemia frequently reported in all age groups in both genders, 3.4% in adult males and 14.9% acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children age group less than 18 years old. This is a most common cancer among children in 2018 [1]. From 2018 to 2022 the rate of leukemia is increased among all groups such as 3.9% in all age groups including both genders and 25% (acute lymphoblastic leukemia) in childrenPediatric type of cancers such as leukemia are mostly treated by parental expenses and many variables related to family, are strongly associated with the health outcome, morbidity and mortality of children. Its diagnosis and therapies may have confrontational psychological executes on child and his family. Anxiety is first significant problem faced by Leukemic patient and its parents at post diagnosis of disease and depression is continuous mental state during treatment [3]. Cancer survivors have deep fear of loneliness, hopelessness, depression, anxiety and social stigma. Family caregivers are the hidden sufferer of this psychological disorder. Their social, economic and emotional life are strongly disturbed and neurotic [4, 5]. The whole process from duration of treatment of children to their survival after illness is challenging task for both parents and children, physically and psychologically which influenced the family structure and function [6].Mostly people in developing countries like Pakistan has no formal care on this issue, this can lead towards depressed life even after successful treatment. Pharmacological treatments such as antidepressant drugs are used to cure for depression. But due to side effects of anti-depressant, patients are not adhering to this type of cure and prefer to choose non pharmacological treatments to reduce the anxiety. Positive thinking is one of the best psychiatric treatments [7]. Positive psychotherapy relief the patients from stress by encouraging more positive emotions and meetings rather direct targeting the symptoms of depression and anxiety [8].Positive psychological conciliation and healthy behavior of health care professionals is the good contrivance for cultivating positive behavior, emotions and cognition for healthy quality of life in leukemia survival. Psycho educational programs are eloquently escalated hope in child and his family and return towards the healthy happy life after depressed process of treatment [9]. Routine mental screening for anxiety and evaluation of parental functioning are significant methods which is helpful to identify the target patient with family who suffered with high level of depression. Psychological assessment surveys and distress thermometer may be important useful tool can be used by health care professional or nurses during checkup for better evaluation [10]. A significant number of leukemia patients in different hospitals of Pakistan experienced with disturbed depressed psychological mental state. Government of Pakistan should take all these approaches with positive psychological conciliation, practically in hospitals in different phases of cancer such as pediatric leukemia treatment, to help the child to cope with depression and escalating stress-free life expectancy.Keywords: Leukemia; Depression   

Primary signet-ring cell carcinoma of vermiform appendix: a rare case report

Appendiceal primary signet ring cell carcinoma is an extremely rare neoplasm considered to be more aggressive than other appendiceal tumour. Primary appendiceal carcinoma is diagnosed in only 0.9%–1.4% of appendectomy specimens and signet-ring cell carcinoma (SRCC) of vermiform appendix is accounting 0.43% of all appendiceal malignancies. Patients of SRCC usually present clinically as acute appendicitis. Preoperative imaging detection of appendiceal adenocarcinoma have limited benefit due it has minimal change like appendicitis or wall thickening without any obvious growth. We reported an extremely rare case of primary signet ring cell carcinoma of the vermiform appendix in a 55 year old man. Patient had abdominal pain, anorexia and nausea. He underwent appendectomy for appendicitis and histopathologically diagnosed as appendiceal signet ring cell carcinoma with lymph node metastasis

Cutaneous leiomyoma of scalp: a rare case report with review of literature

Skin is the largest organ of the body and many types of tumor arises from different part of skin layer. A leiomyoma is an uncommon, benign tumour of smooth muscle of skin derived from the arrector pili muscle of skin. These lesions can develop wherever smooth muscle is present, but malignant transformation probably does not occur. Cutaneous leiomyomas or piloleiomyomas appear as small (0.5-2 cm) firm skin coloured nodules. They arise from the arrector pili muscles which are responsible for making your hairs stand on end. Multiple lesions may develop, often in clusters and commonly in a segmental distribution. These nodules are benign, so are only of concern because of their appearance or their tendency to be tender if knocked. Female patients with cutaneous leiomyomas may also develop uterine leiomyomas (fibroids), and very rarely leiomyomas can be associated with renal cell carcinoma (hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer). We report a case cutaneous leiomyoma of scalp in a 22 year old male who present with the complaints of scalp swelling

Genotypic and computational sequence analysis of ALADIN gene causing Allgrove syndrome

Background: Allgrove syndrome is autosomal recessive disorder, the gene involved in this syndrome is known as ALADIN located close to type 2 keratin gene cluster on chromosome 12q13 whose function is to control the nucleocytoplasmic trafficking and also affects the nuclear pore complexes. Mutation in this gene cause triple A syndrome. The aim of research was to analyze the mutational changes in ALADIN gene, formation of 3D Structure of normal and mutated protein and differentiation of normal and mutated protein.Methods: Genotyping by using tetra arm PCR and Sequence analyses of coding region of ALADIN gene was done in two families having affected children with Allgrove’s syndrome.Results: Point mutation in exon 1 and alteration in 3D structure of protein was observed by using VMD (Visual molecular dynamics) that shows truncation, absence of few amino acid and structural modification of proteins which alters in transportation ability.Conclusion: It is concluded from the study that proper structure and function of NPC (nuclear pore complex) binding protein is necessary in normal body function and if any mutation is present in ALADIN gene it can cause symptoms of rare Allgrove’s syndrome.Keywords: ALADIN gene; 3D protein structure; Triple A syndrom

Intrauterine growth retardation - small events, big consequences

Intrauterine growth retardation refers to a rate of growth of a fetus that is less than normal for the growth potential of a fetus (for that particular gestational age). As one of the leading causes of perinatal mortality and morbidity, intrauterine growth retardation has immense implications for the short term and long term growth of children. It is an important public health concern in the developing countries. Health statistics encompassing parameters for maternal and child health in the Indian subcontinent have shown improvement in the past few years but they are still far from perfect. Maternal health, education and empowerment bears a strong influence on perinatal outcomes including intrauterine growth retardation and should be the primary focus of any stratagem targeted at reducing the incidence of intrauterine growth retardation. A concerted liaison of various medical and social disciplines is imperative in this regard

Venous Thromboembolism in Cancer: An Update of Treatment and Prevention in the Era of Newer Anticoagulants

Cancer patients are at major risk of developing Venous Thromboembolism (VTE), resulting in increased morbidity and economic burden. While a number of theories try to explain its pathophysiology, its risk stratification can be broadly done in cancer related, treatment related and patient related factors. Studies report the prophylactic use of thrombolytic agents to be safe and effective in decreasing VTE related mortality/ morbidity especially in postoperative cancer patients. Recent data also suggests the prophylactic use of low molecular weight Heparins (LMWH’s) and Warfarin to be effective in reducing VTE’s related to long term Central Venous Catheter (CVC) use. In a double blind, multicenter trial, a new Ultra LMWH Semuloparin has shown to be efficacious in preventing chemotherapy associated VTE’s along with other drugs such as Certoparin and Nadoparin.. LMWH’s are reported to be very useful in preventing recurrent VTE’s in advanced cancers and should be preferred over full dose Warfarin. However their long term safety beyond 6 months has not been established yet. Further, this manuscript discusses the safety and efficacy of different drugs used in the treatment and prevention of recurrent VTE’s including Bemiparin, Semuloparin, oral direct thrombin inhibitors, parenteral and direct oral factor Xa inhibitors

Evaluation of different extractors of features at the level of sentiment analysis

Sentiment analysis is the process of recognizing and categorizing the emotions being expressed in a textual source. Tweets are commonly used to generate a large amount of sentiment data after they are analyzed. These feelings data help to learn about people's thoughts on a various range of topics. People are typically attracted for researching positive and negative reviews, which contain dislikes and likes, shared by the consumers concerning the features of a certain service or product. Therefore, the aspects or features of the product/ service play an important role in opinion mining. Furthermore to enough work being carried out in text mining, feature extraction in opinion mining is presently becoming a hot research field. In this paper, we focus on the study of feature extractors because of their importance in classification performance. The feature extraction is the most critical aspect of opinion classification since classification efficiency can be degraded if features are not properly chosen. A few scientific researchers have addressed the issue of feature extraction. And we found in the literature that almost every article deals with one or two feature extractors. For that, we decided in this paper to cover all the most popular feature extractors which are BOW, N-grams, TF-IDF, Word2vec, GloVe and FastText. In general, this paper will discuss the existing feature extractors in the opinion mining domain. Also, it will present the advantages and the inconveniences of each extractor. Moreover, a comparative study is performed for determining the most efficient combination CNN/extractor in terms of accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 measure