Optimization and Validation of RP-HPLC-UV/Vis Method for Determination Phenolic Compounds in Several Personal Care Products

An HPLC method with ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry detection has been optimized and validated for the simultaneous determination of phenolic compounds, such as butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) as antioxidants, and octyl methyl cinnamate (OMC) as UVB-filter in several personal care products. The dynamic range was between 1 to 250 mg/L with relative standard deviation less than 0.25% (n = 4). Limits of detection for BHA, BHT, and OMC were 0.196, 0.170, and 0.478 mg/L, respectively. While limits of quantification for BHA, BHT, and OMC were 0.593, 0.515, and 1.448 mg/L, respectively. The recovery for BHA, BHT, and OMC was ranged from 92.1–105.9%, 83.2–108.9%, and 87.3–103.7%, respectively. The concentration ranges of BHA, BHT, and OMC in 12 commercial personal care samples were 0.13–4.85, 0.16–2.30, and 0.12–65.5 mg/g, respectively. The concentrations of phenolic compounds in these personal care samples were below than maximum allowable concentration in personal care formulation, that is, 0.0004–10 mg/g, 0.002–5 mg/g, and up to 100 mg/g for BHA, BHT, and OMC, respectively

Oilseeds and Seed Oils of Shorea macrophylla and Shorea palembanica : Evaluation of Proximate, Antinutritive Factors and Chemical Composition

Shorea macrophylla (S. macrophylla) and Shorea palembanica (S. palembanica) are known as “Engkabang Jantung” and “Engkabang Asu”, respectively, by natives in Sarawak, Malaysia. The oilseeds remain underused due to a lack of scientific approach. This study aimed to determine proximate compositions and antinutritional factors of S. macrophylla and S. palembanica seeds and compare the fatty acid profiles, chemical properties and antioxidant activity between mechanical extraction (ME) and Soxhlet extraction (SE). The proximate compositions of S. macrophylla and S. palembanica seeds were 21.47% and 27.25% (moisture); 0.67% and 1.98% (ash); 41.37% and 49.06% (total lipid); 79.44% and 82.37% (total carbohydrate); 15.67% and 7.72% (crude fiber), respectively. Seeds of S. macrophylla and S. palembanica contained high levels of K (1186.50 and 400.17 mg/100 g), Ca (238.31 and 128.62 mg/100 g), Mg (300.50 and 117.17 mg/100 g), and Na (75.12 and 30.14 mg/100 g). The antinutritional factor phytate was detected in small concentrations in both species. At the same time, oxalate was found at a higher concentration in S. palembanica (2.43 mg/100 g) than in S. macrophylla (1.91 mg/100 g). The bioavailability of Ca and Zn influenced by antinutritional factors phytate and oxalate was calculated based on their molar ratios. The bioavailability of minerals affected by phytate did not exceed the critical value, suggesting adequate mineral absorption. However, high oxalate content exceeded the critical value of bioavailability (2.5), indicating insufficient mineral availability. SE was more efficient in extracting Shorea oils. Stearic, oleic and palmitic acids were the major fatty acids in S. macrophylla and S. palembanica oils, with no significant difference in fatty acid profiles between types of extraction (p>0.05). The acid (AV) and peroxide (PV) values of ME oils (AV: 3.47 to 4.75 mg NaOH/g; PV: 7.96 to 10.62 meq O2/kg) were lower than SE oils (AV: 4.69 to 8 mg NaOH/g; PV: 9.92 to 14.58 meq O2/kg). Therefore, mechanical extraction is considered the method of choice to extract Shorea oils. The iodine value (IV), AV, and PV of Shorea oils do not meet the required standards of the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) of Tengkawang butter and Cocoa Butter standards. Thus, a further refining process is suggested to increase the quality of S. macrophylla and S. palembanica oils

GC-MS ANALYSIS OF PHYTOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS IN LEAF EXTRACTS OF NEOLAMARCKIA CADAMBA (RUBIACEAE) FROM MALAYSIA

Neolamarckia cadamba is one of the medicinal plants used in the treatment of various diseases traditionally. This study was conducted to identify the phytochemical constituents of N. cadamba leaf extracts using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Solvents with increasing polarities viz. hexane, petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol were used in this study. The solvent extracts were analyzed using GC-MS and the mass spectra of the compounds found in the respective extract were matched with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) library. A total of 26 compounds were identified and the major chemical constituents were n-hexadecanoic acid (44.88%), hexadecanoic acid ethyl ester (17.96%) and octadecanoic acid ethyl ester (11.71%). Some of the identified compounds have been reported to possess various biological activities such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anesthetic, antiseptic, antidiabetic, hypocholesterolemic and etc. The results thus concluded that N. cadamba leaves possess various potent bioactive compounds and is recommended as a plant of phytopharmaceutical importance

Studies on Homalomeneae (Araceae) of Borneo III: The helophytic Homalomena of Sunda

An account of the helophytic Homalomena in Sunda is presented. Two species are recognized: H. expedita A.Hay & Hersc. and H. rostrata Griff., neither novel. Homalomena expedita is so far endemic to Sarawak, where it is known from three widely separated sites. Homalomena rostrata is widespread from Sumatera through Peninsular Malaysia to Borneo, and onwards to Maluku (Pulau Ceram). Throughout its range H. rostrata is morphologically plastic, such that it has accrued a considerable synonymy, proposed here: Homalomena beccariana Engl., H. ensiformis Alderw., H. miqueliana Schott, H. miqueliana var. truella Alderw., H. paludosa Hook.f., H. propinqua Schott, H. raapii Engl., H. sagittifolia Jungh. ex Schott, H. sagittifolia var. angustifolia Furtado, H. sagittifolia var. pontederiifolia Ridl. (including homotypic H. ridleyana Engl.), H. sagittifolia var. sumatrana Alderw., H. teysmannii Engl., and H. triangularis Alderw. An overview of the occurrence of helophytism in Araceae, together with speculations on the evolution of helophytism in Homalomena, a key to the species, and illustrations of both species are presented

Chemical Constituents and Biological Activities of Piper as Anticancer Agents : A Review

Cancer has become the primary cause of death worldwide, and anticancer drugs are used to combat this disease. Synthesis of anticancer drugs has limited success due to adverse side effects has made compounds from natural products with minimal toxicity gain much popularity. Piper species are known to have a biological effect on human health. The biological activity is due to Piper species rich with active secondary metabolites that can combat most diseases, including cancer. This review will discuss the phytochemistry of Piper species and their anticancer activity. The identification and characterization of ten active metabolites isolated from Piper species were discussed in detail and their anticancer mechanism. These metabolites were mainly found could inhibit anticancer through caspase and P38/JNK pathways. The findings discussed in this review support the therapeutic potential of Piper species against cancer due to their rich source of active metabolites with demonstrated anticancer activit

A Brief Review on the Antioxidants and Antimicrobial Peptides Revealed in Mud Crabs from the Genus of Scylla

Mud crab from the genus Scylla is also known as mangrove crab, which has been well-accepted as a good source of protein. Recently, the antioxidant properties present in mud crabs have been reported to have a part in the protection of cells against free radicals. Meanwhile, numerous antimicrobial peptides from mud crabs have managed to be characterized through the display of antimicrobial activities against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.Hence, this paper is an effort to collect recent literatures on antioxidant and antimicrobial properties in every part of mud crabs which include muscle tissue, hemolymph, and crab shell. Moreover, the effort to understand the biological properties of mud crabs is important to enhance its production in aquaculture industry.Therefore, this review hoped to attract the attention of natural product researchers to focus on the potential therapeutic applications of mud crabs

Phytochemical, cytotoxicity and antioxidant activities of the stem bark of Piper arborescens

Crude extract from stem bark of P. arborescens was fractionated by using column chromatography to isolate and purify its metabolite content. Six secondary metabolites were successfully isolated and their identification was performed by using Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectoscopy. The isolated metabolites were identified as caryophyllene oxide (1), α-bisabolol (2), benzamide 2-(methylamino) (3), 2-ethylpiperidine (4), piperine (5) and methyl eugenol (6). Toxicity test on the four crude extracts of P. arborescens shows high cytotoxicity against Artemia salina brine shrimp with LC50 values ranging from 13.12 to 58.70 µg/mL. Greater cytotoxicity of the crude extracts of P. arborescens indicated the presence of potent cytotoxic components in this Piper spp. Antioxidant assay of P. arborescens against 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) indicated moderate antioxidant activities of methanol, dichloromethane, chloroform and hexane crude extracts with EC50 values of 21.68, 23.82, 32.88 and 36.88 µg/mL, respectively. It is suggested that the six secondary metabolites identified in P. arborescens contribute as an active content for the cytotoxicity and antioxidant activities. This study showed that the crude extracts of P. arborescens is definitely having potential to be used as a source of natural product of various applicatio

Effect of Leptadenia Hastata Hexane leaf extracts against heamotological, biochemical and Indometachin induced ulser in rats

This study was targeted at valuing a claim by traditional herbal practitioner that the leaves of Leptadenia hastata possess ulcer healing property by assessing the effect of Leptadenia hastata on ulcer induced rats. Material and method: The effects of an hexane leaf extracts of Leptadenia hastata were studied in 40 white albino rats over a period of 21days, to ascertain the claim of Leptadenia hastata has ulcerogenic properties, the rats were divided into eight groups those in group one served as control group, group two negative control (Indomethacin) ulcer induced with no treatment, while group three positive control (Omeprazole) and groups four to eight are dosed groups ranged from; 100mg/kg 200mg/kg, 300mg/kg, 400mg/kg and 500mg/kg extracts respectively, Microscopic examination was carried out and scored for the presence of lesion. The length and breadth of the lesion of the stomach was measured for ulcer index. Stomach and Blood sample were collected for Histological, hematological and biochemical analysis. The specimen of the stomach was taken for histopathological studies. Results: The study showed that the extracts of Leptadenia hastata caused increased in the weight of the rats compared to the negative control and the levels of packed cell volume, hemoglobin concentration, red blood cell, white blood cell, mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular hemoglobin. The changes in the biochemical parameter were all within the range of the control. Histologically, stomach degeneration was characterized by lesion and decrease number of lining cell of the epithelium. Conclusion: The study indicate that hexane leaves crude extracts of Leptadenia hastata possess ulcer healing activity

Chemical constituents, antioxidant, and cytotoxicity of essential oils of Piper arborescens and Piper caninum

Essential oils of the stem bark of Sarawak's wild pepper species namely the Piper arborescens and Piper caninum were extracted by using Clevenger's water distillation method, and analysis using gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) have identified a total of 54 and 57 chemical components in the essential oils, respectively. Three major compounds have been identified in the essential oil of Piper arborescens namely the pentadecanal (18.88%), guaiol (11.19%), and β-guaiene (11.12%). In the essential oil of Piper caninum, four main compounds identified were isocaryophyllene (20.60%), (E)-α-bergamotene (13.74%), (E)-isoeugenol (13.46%), and (E,Z)-3,6-nonadien-1-ol (9.35%). Evaluation of antioxidant properties showed the EC50 values of essential oils of Piper arborescens and Piper caninum were 249.30 and 238.70 µg/mL, respectively, indicating low scavenging activity against DPPH as compared to ascorbic acid as standard with EC50 value of 2.72 µg/mL. Cytotoxicity assay showed that average death of Artemia salina brine shrimp in the essential oil of Piper arborescens was higher, with LC50 57.95 µg/mL, as compared to 249.74 µg/mL of essential oil of Piper caninum. The cytotoxic level does not always indicate its outright toxicity but may also indicate the presence of potential natural cytotoxic components, especially in essential oil of Piper arborescens as suggested by Elumba et al. (2013)