The water balance in Mendoza : measurement proposals

La Ley N°8051/2009 de Ordenamiento Territorial y Usos del Suelo de Mendoza subraya la importancia de considerar la disponibilidad de agua para garantizar un uso equilibrado del territorio. La Ley General de Aguas de 1884 y la Constitución Provincial de 1916 destacan la necesidad de verificar la existencia de excedentes hídricos previa a la entrega de nuevas concesiones. Considerando al balance hídrico como un elemento para el manejo de la sustentabilidad del recurso hídrico y del suelo, los objetivos del presente estudio son: describir los componentes del balance para las cuencas de Mendoza, proponer alternativas para su medición y esclarecer su incidencia en la planificación del territorio. El balance hídrico se mide a nivel de cuenca o subcuenca y se entiende como la diferencia entre la oferta y la demanda de agua, para verificar la existencia de excedentes. La oferta proviene de los aforos de los ríos y de evaluaciones de recarga subterránea y está afectada cuantitativamente por la contaminación. La demanda está integrada por los diferentes usos: doméstico, riego, industrial, municipal y ambiental. Se discuten y proponen alternativas de estimación para los términos de la demanda. Ante la falta de mediciones directas sobre los elementos que integran la demanda, se recomienda realizar mediciones indirectas utilizando coeficientes de uso de agua por unidad de consumo. Se sugiere modelizar el balance hídrico como variable importante para la construcción de escenarios alternativos y del modelo territorial deseado.Law 8051 of Land Use Planning and Soil Use in Mendoza, which was passed in 2009, recognizes the importance of considering water availability to ensure a balanced use of the land. The Water Law of 1884 and the Provincial Constitution of 1916 refer to the need to check the existence of water surpluses before granting new water use permits. Since water balance is a crucial element for managing water and soil sustainability, the objectives of this study are to describe the system’s components in the Mendoza basins, to propose measurement alternatives and to explore its impact on land use planning. The water balance is measured at the basin or sub-basin level and since it is considered as the difference between water supply and demand, it is possible to check the existence of water surpluses. The water supply comes from river gauging and from groundwater recharge. Water supply is affected by surface and groundwater pollution. Water demand comes from different uses: domestic, irrigation, industrial, municipal and environmental. Assessment alternatives are discussed and proposed. Given the lack of direct measurements of water demand, it is recommended to conduct indirect measurements using water use coefficients per unit of consumption. The study proposes to model the water balance as a relevant variable to construct alternative scenarios and to apply them to the intended land use model.Fil: Llop, Armando A.. Instituto Nacional del Agua. Centro de Economía, Legislación y Administración del AguaFil: Fasciolo, Graciela. Instituto Nacional del Agua. Centro de Economía, Legislación y Administración del AguaFil: Duek, Alicia E.. Instituto Nacional del Agua. Centro de Economía, Legislación y Administración del AguaFil: Comellas, Eduardo A.. Instituto Nacional del Agua. Centro de Economía, Legislación y Administración del AguaFil: Buccheri, Mauricio J.. Instituto Nacional del Agua. Centro de Economía, Legislación y Administración del Agu

osteonecrosis of jaw onj impact of italian patients and role of italian physicians dentists and researchers in the growing evidence of a new disease

Purpose: Osteonecrosis of jaw (ONJ) is an uncommon but severe complication observed mostly in patients treated with bisphosphonates (BPs) for bone metastases, myeloma, osteoporosis (so called BRONJ, Bisphosphonate-Related Osteonecrosis of Jaw), but also with other drugs (bevacizumab, sunitinib, denosumab). The number of cases observed in Italy appears high in comparison with other countries and we present a review of several aspects of ONJ in Italy and the role of Italian health professionals and researchers on increasing knowledge and adequate reporting of ONJ phenomenon; Methods: Literature review about osteonecrosis of jaw (ONJ) with selection of Italian authors and publications, on year 2003-2011, by research on international electronic journal databases, Italian language journals, congress acta, web sources; Results: at October 2011, among 1272 papers published worldwide on ONJ issue, 128 (10%) were from Italian Authors; Conclusions: relevant articles by Italian groups were published about pathogenesis hypotheses, animal models, biology studies, risk factors, preventive measures, dental extraction protocols in BP-exposed patients, laser therapy, ozone therapy, surgical treatment. Experience of Italian patients suffering from ONJ, together with work of Italian dentists, physicians and researchers, appears of paramount importance in order to study ONJ and minimize a possible severe side-effect of efficacious medical treatments

COL4A3/COL4A4 mutations: from familial hematuria to autosomal-dominant or recessive Alport syndrome.

COL4A3/COL4A4 mutations: From familial hematuria to autosomal-dominant or recessive Alport syndrome. BACKGROUND: Mutations of the type IV collagen COL4A5 gene cause X-linked Alport syndrome (ATS). Mutations of COL4A3 and COL4A4 have been reported both in autosomal-recessive and autosomal-dominant ATS, as well as in benign familial hematuria (BFH). In the latter conditions, however, clinical features are less defined, few mutations have been reported, and other genes and non-genetic factors may be involved. METHODS: We analyzed 36 ATS patients for COL4A3 and COL4A4 mutations by polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformational polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) and direct sequencing. Sporadic patients who had tested negative for COL4A5 mutations were included with typical cases of autosomal recessive ATS to secure a better definition of the phenotype spectrum. RESULTS: We identified seven previously undescribed COL4A3 mutations: in two genetic compounds and three heterozygotes, and one in COL4A4. In agreement with the literature, some of the mutations of compound heterozygotes were associated with microhematuria in healthy heterozygous relatives. The mutations of heterozygous patients are likely dominant, since no change was identified in the second allele even by sequencing, and they are predicted to result in shortened or abnormal chains with a possible dominant-negative effect. In addition, both genes showed rare variants of unclear pathogenicity, and common polymorphisms that are shared in part with other populations. CONCLUSIONS: This study extends the mutation spectrum of COL4A3 and COL4A4 genes, and suggests a possible relationship between production of abnormal COL IV chains and dominant expression of a continuous spectrum of phenotypes, from ATS to BFH

Acquired free protein S deficiency with anticardiolipin antibodies and increased risk of thrombotic events in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

none4Rheumatology in Europe, 26, S2, pag 96, 1997B Seriolo; A Garnero; D Fasciolo; S AccardoSeriolo, Bruno; A., Garnero; D., Fasciolo; S., Accard