The role of the initial modality in the investigation of thyroid lesions

Background: Partial or complete thyroidectomies are frequently encountered via the working towards pathologist and the opportunity of neoplastic disease is of principal problem in patients with thyroid nodules. Pathological comparison of these specimens ranged from non-neoplastic lesion to exceedingly aggressive malignancy. The aim of this study is to assess the role of the initial modality in the investigation of thyroid lesions. Methods: This is an observational study. The study used to be carried out in the admitted patient’s department of histopathology, National institute of ear, nose and throat, Dhaka. Bangladesh. In Bangladesh for the duration of the period from June 2021 to May 2022. Results: This study shows that according to 301 patients where, most of the patients in initial modality in the investigation of thyroid lesions 95 (31.56%) were 40 to 49 years and the minimum sex distribution of study 105 (34.88%) belongs to males. Non-neoplastic of goiter were 194 (64.45%), benign cyst was 43 (14.29%), DeQuervains (Subacute) thyroiditis 11 (3.65%), Lymphocytic thyroiditis were 8 (2.65%) and hashimoto thyroiditis were 3 (1.0%). And acfemalesg to neoplastic of papillary carcinoma were 30 (9.97%), Follicular neoplasm were 9 (2.99%) and Anaplastic carcinoma were 3 (1.0%). Conclusions: Thyroid lesions are more common in female. The majority of the thyroid nodules are either non-neoplastic or benign neoplasm. Thyroid lesions present a dependable analysis and is an incredible first line technique for investigating the nature of lesion

Analysis of bidirectional promoters in vertebrates

The order of genes in eukaryotes is by and large random as a result of recombination events during evolution. However, there is a certain element of non-random gene order. For instance, genes of similar expression tend to cluster more commonly than by chance and functionally related genes tend to colocalize. Genome wide analyses of mammalian genomes have demonstrated an abundance of divergently transcribed genes in short intergenic regions of approximately 1000 bp. This means that the genes of such pairs have transcription start sites in close proximity. The gene pairs are thought to share an intervening regulatory sequence, <I>a bi-directional promoter</I>. There is evidence that bidirectional gene pairs are evolutionarily conserved and this may imply a functional significance. They are often associated with genes involved in DNA repair. Interestingly, expression profiles of ovarian and breast cancer show an enrichment of bidirectional gene pairs that include DNA repair genes, such as BRCA1, BRCA2, CKEK1 and FANC family members. The two genes of a bidirectional promoter are likely to be related in terms of transcriptional control. Therefore, through analyses of such gene pairs in eukaryotes we may obtain important information regarding transcriptional control mechanisms.<p></p> In this project, intergenic regions of bidirectional gene pairs were explored by sequence analysis. The aim was to examine whether promoters of such pairs have characteristics that are different from the promoter regions of other genes. A number of such pairs were therefore collected from a set of mammalian species, including human. Then these regions were analyzed in a profile based approach with respect to known transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs) and with respect to the TATA box, one of the core promoter elements. Furthermore, in a more unbiased approach MEME was used to identify motifs characteristic of bidirectional promoters. The results reveal a number of over-represented TFBSs as well as motifs identified by MEME. The overlap of these two datasets reveals previously identified TFBSs as well as motifs of potential biological interest

Influence of diabetes on physical function among the elderly persons

There is growing recognition that the complications associated with type-2 diabetes may translate into functional impairments in older people.This cross sectional study was conducted between January and June 2008 to determine the influence of diabetes on physical functions in an elderly (³55 years) population. Fifty-five elderly diabetics attending the out-patient department of a diabetic centre were selected by convenient sampling and compared with fifty-five non-diabetic elderly persons of the near-by community. Their physical functions were assessed by Barthel Index, SF-36 Health Survey and Modified Physical Performance test. Diabetic elderly persons, on average, obtained lower scores in all these three tests. After removing the effect of socio-demographic variables, influence of diabetes on level of independence measured by Barthel Index did not persist. However, the difference in SF-36 health survey and Modified Physical Performance test scores between diabetics and non-diabetics remained significant after controlling for socio-demographic variables. The current study showed influence of diabetes on physical functions in the elderly. People should be motivated and guided properly to practice a healthy lifestyle in order to prevent and control diabetes and thus avoid complications of diabetes mellitus and disabilities in later life. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2009; 3(2): 45-4

Length-Weight Relationship and Seasonal Distribution of Magalaspis cordyla (Linnaeus 1758) fish Size Frequency Variation from Karachi Coast

The study of seasonal variation in distribution of 167 fishes of magalaspis cordyla from the Karachi fish harbour collected seasonally (pre-monsoon, mon-soon, post-monsoon) between September 2011-August 2012. The highest catch of fish (68) was recorded in pre-monsoon season and the lowest catch of fish (47) was recorded in monsoon season. The highest mean length (38.6+ 0.746) and weight (288+ 21.90) was measured during pre-monsoon season and lowest mean length (22.5+ 0.671) and weight (120.5+ 2.73) was measured during mon-soon season. The highest mean condition factor (1.192+ 0.817) and minimum (0.500+ 0.038) was recorded in pre-monsoon season. Fish estimated negative and positive allometric growth because b values larger and less then 3 in pre-monsoon and monsoon season but post-monsoon season showed positive allometric growth because b value larger then 3 in all size classe

Heavy metal contents in largehead hairtail (Trichiurus lepturus) from the coast of Karachi

The concentrations of heavy metal (Fe, Zn, Cu Mn) were recorded in liver and muscles of (72) specimens of Trichiurus lepturus from the coast of Karachi fish harbour from August 2011 to July 2012. Our results indicated that the concentration of heavy metals was found to be generally higher in liver than muscles of fish. The highest mean concentration of Fe (591 ug/g) were recorded in fish liver and also the highest mean concentration of Fe (42.6 ug/g) were recorded in muscles. The lowest mean concentration of Mn (13.6 ug/g) in were recorded in liver of fish and lowest mean concentration of Mn (0.94 ug/g) were also recorded in muscles. Metal concentration significantly varied in different months of the yea

Investigating and developing engineering students’ mathematical modelling and problem-solving skills

How do engineering students approach mathematical modelling problems and how can they learn to deal with such problems? In the context of a course in mathematical modelling and problem solving, and using a qualitative case study approach, we found that the students had little prior experience of mathematical modelling. They were also inexperienced problem solvers, unaware of the importance of understanding the problem and exploring alternatives, and impeded by inappropriate beliefs, attitudes and expectations. Important impacts of the course belong to the metacognitive domain. The nature of the problems, the supervision and the follow-up lectures were emphasised as contributing to the impacts of the course, where students show major development. We discuss these empirical results in relation to a framework for mathematical thinking and the notion of cognitive apprenticeship. Based on the results, we argue that this kind of teaching should be considered in the education of all engineers

Teaching and learning mathematical modelling and problem solving: A case study

Engineering students often fail to connect and apply what they have learnt in introductory mathematics courses to other subjects, sometimes leading to the belief that mathematics is not relevant to them. To bridge this gap between mathematical theory and practice, we have designed a course in mathematical modelling and problem solving at Chalmers University of Technology. The main purpose of the present study is to investigate and better understand what challenges engineering students experience when dealing with mathematical modelling problems and what strategies they use to overcome those challenges. Data was collected through semistructured interviews with six students early in the course and the interviews were based on two problems that the students had solved during the course. The data was analysed using basic strategies for qualitative analysis and led to the identification of two central challenges experienced by the students as well as several strategies for overcoming them. The first challenge is that students are not fully aware of the importance of understanding the problem, and the second is that students get stuck because they do not sufficiently consider alternatives in a non-linear solution process. While these issues have little to do with mathematical modelling as such, the modelling problems given clearly reveal these shortcomings, which we see as lacking problem solving skills. Our findings confirm the importance of teaching mathematical modelling and problem solving, and in a more general setting we see cognitive apprenticeship as a promising framework for teaching and learning in engineering education

Trace Elemental Contents in Tissues of Talang Queenfish, Scomberoides commersonnianus, from Karachi Coast, Pakistan

Concentration of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Fe, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni) determined in the muscle, liver, kidney and gills of talang queenfish, Scomberoides commersonnianus. Sixty three fish samples collected seasonally from Karachi coast in Jan 2010-Dec 2010 . Samples were analyzed by AAS-700. Results shown highest mean concentration of Fe (495.73), Cu (47.64) Cd (1.59), Cr (1.63), Ni (1.55) and Pb (1.65) were determined in liver, Zn (48.98) in kidney in µg/g. Lowest mean concentrations of Fe (16.55), Zn (5.31), Cu (4.57) were estimated in muscles, Cd (1.59) in liver, Cr (0.38), Ni (0.50), Pb (0.48) in gills in µg/g. Fe, Zn, Cu were higher in liver, kidney and gills and Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb were lowest in muscles, kidney and gills during all seasons. ANOVA analysis clearly revealed that there was a significant different in organs and seasons in fis