Cosmological reconstruction and energy bounds in f(R,RαβRαβ,ϕ)f(R,R_{\alpha \beta}R^{\alpha\beta},\phi) gravity

We discuss the cosmological reconstruction of $f(R,R_{\alpha\beta}R^{\alpha\beta},\phi)$ (where $R$, $R_{\alpha\beta}R^{\alpha\beta}$ and $\phi$ represents the Ricci scalar, Ricci invariant and scalar field) corresponding to power law and de Sitter evolution in the framework of FRW universe model. We derive the energy conditions for this modified theory which seem to be more general and can be reduced to some known forms of these conditions in general relativity, $f(R)$ and $f(R,\phi)$ theories. We have presented the general constraints in terms of recent values of snap, jerk, deceleration and Hubble parameters. The energy bounds are analyzed for reconstructed as well as known models in this theory. Finally, the free parameters are analyzed comprehensively.Comment: 27 pages, 3 figure

Efficacy of Misoprostol versus Syntometrine in the Prevention of Postpartum Hemorrhage

effects of oral misoprostol versus syntometrine for prevention of primary postpartum hemorrhage. Methods: Interventional study; Eighty patients were divided into two equal groups. Misoprostol 600 microgram single dose was given orally immediately after cord clamping to Group A. Syntometrine (consists of 10 IU oxytocin + 0.5mg ergometrine) was given intravenous to Group B. Patients were kept under observation for 6 hours. Pulse, blood pressure, temperature any need for other uterotonic drugs, estimated blood loss (<500ml or >500ml) haemoglobin percentage 6hours before and after delivery, need for blood transfusion, side effects, time and mode of delivery were noted. Results: Differences in blood pressure and transfusion were statistically insignificant between two groups. Shivering and pyrexia was more common in Group A , and nausea, vomiting and hypertension in Group B Conclusion: Like syntometrine, misoprostol can be used prophylactically orally during third stage of labour to reduce the incidence of Primary postpartum hemorrhage

The Effectiveness of Impact-Based Regulation in Achieving Environmental Goals.

ABSTRACT: Environmental regulations, designed to promote the protection and preservation of natural resources, have been an essential tool for governments worldwide. However, traditional command-and-control regulatory approaches have come under criticism due to their high compliance costs and limited flexibility. Impact-based regulation is a relatively new approach to environmental regulation that focuses on the environmental impacts of activities, rather than on the specific technologies or practices used to carry out those activities. This approach has the potential to be more flexible and efficient than traditional command-and-control regulation, and it can also be more adaptable to changing environmental conditions. However, there is still debate about the effectiveness of impact-based regulation in achieving environmental goals. This paper reviews the literature on the effectiveness of impact-based regulation. It finds that impact-based regulation can be effective in achieving environmental goals, but that its effectiveness depends on a number of factors, including the design of the regulation, the level of enforcement, and the willingness of businesses and individuals to comply. The paper also discusses the challenges of implementing impact-based regulation, and it concludes with a discussion of the future of this approach to environmental regulation. This research paper seeks to explore how different aspects of international law interact with IBR implementation and its effectiveness concerning achieving environmental goals. It will examine case studies where countries have implemented IBRs within their regulatory frameworks and assess whether they are consistent with applicable international legal standards. Ultimately, this study hopes to provide insights into how policymakers can navigate complex legal environments when developing environment policies involving impact-based regulations across various jurisdictions globally.  

The Impact of Financial Development, Tourism, Population Density and Political Stability on Environmental Degradation in Case of Pakistan

This study examined the impact of financial development, tourism, population density and political stability on environmental degradation in Pakistan over the time 1986-2017. Data of these variables is taken from World Development Indicator (WDI), World Tourism Organization (WTO), International country risk guide (ICRG) database and federal bureau of Statistics of Pakistan. To investigate the findings, three separate models are constructed by using three different indicators of financial development. Firstly, Co-Integration among variables is confirmed through Bound test of Co-Integration. The result of this test reveals that co-integration among all the variables exists in the long run. Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) technique is used to examine short run and long run estimates. Findings of the study concluded that in all the models financial development has considerable positive relationship with CO2 related pollution in the long run while in the short run results depend on which dimension of financial development is used. As, M2 has significantly negative impact on environmental degradation whereas, Population density has negatively significant role in explaining carbon dioxide emissions in the long run but it is positive and inconsequential in the short run. Tourism has negative and significant effect on environmental deterioration in case of Political stability has statistically significant and inverse relationship with CO2 emissions both in short and long run. These outcomes may also become fruitful for Government regarding decision making. The result recommends that Government should try to focus on financial development, tourism sector and political stability more keenly. Government should impose some restrictions on financial sector as, loans and finance should only be given for productive and environment friendly projects. Taxes should be imposed on most visited tourist’ places. Awareness among people regarding depreciation of environment should be promoted by different activities or programs conducted by Government

Static spherically symmetric wormholes in generalized f(R, ϕ\phi ϕ ) gravity

Abstract.: In this paper, we examine static spherically symmetric wormhole solutions in generalized f(R, ϕ) gravity. To do this, we consider three different kinds of fluids: anisotropic, barotropic and isotropic. We explore different f(R, ϕ) models and inspect the energy conditions for all of those three fluids. It is found that under some models in this theory, it is possible to obtain wormhole solutions without requiring exotic matter. The discussion about the conditions where the standard energy conditions (WEC and NEC) are valid for the fluids is discussed in details. From our results and for our cases, we conclude that for anisotropic and isotropic fluids, realistic wormhole geometries satisfying the energy conditions can be constructed

Effects of antibiotic resistance, drug target attainment, bacterial pathogenicity and virulence, and antibiotic access and affordability on outcomes in neonatal sepsis: an international microbiology and drug evaluation prospective substudy (BARNARDS)

Background Sepsis is a major contributor to neonatal mortality, particularly in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). WHO advocates ampicillin–gentamicin as first-line therapy for the management of neonatal sepsis. In the BARNARDS observational cohort study of neonatal sepsis and antimicrobial resistance in LMICs, common sepsis pathogens were characterised via whole genome sequencing (WGS) and antimicrobial resistance profiles. In this substudy of BARNARDS, we aimed to assess the use and efficacy of empirical antibiotic therapies commonly used in LMICs for neonatal sepsis. Methods In BARNARDS, consenting mother–neonates aged 0–60 days dyads were enrolled on delivery or neonatal presentation with suspected sepsis at 12 BARNARDS clinical sites in Bangladesh, Ethiopia, India, Pakistan, Nigeria, Rwanda, and South Africa. Stillborn babies were excluded from the study. Blood samples were collected from neonates presenting with clinical signs of sepsis, and WGS and minimum inhibitory concentrations for antibiotic treatment were determined for bacterial isolates from culture-confirmed sepsis. Neonatal outcome data were collected following enrolment until 60 days of life. Antibiotic usage and neonatal outcome data were assessed. Survival analyses were adjusted to take into account potential clinical confounding variables related to the birth and pathogen. Additionally, resistance profiles, pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic probability of target attainment, and frequency of resistance (ie, resistance defined by in-vitro growth of isolates when challenged by antibiotics) were assessed. Questionnaires on health structures and antibiotic costs evaluated accessibility and affordability. Findings Between Nov 12, 2015, and Feb 1, 2018, 36 285 neonates were enrolled into the main BARNARDS study, of whom 9874 had clinically diagnosed sepsis and 5749 had available antibiotic data. The four most commonly prescribed antibiotic combinations given to 4451 neonates (77·42%) of 5749 were ampicillin–gentamicin, ceftazidime–amikacin, piperacillin–tazobactam–amikacin, and amoxicillin clavulanate–amikacin. This dataset assessed 476 prescriptions for 442 neonates treated with one of these antibiotic combinations with WGS data (all BARNARDS countries were represented in this subset except India). Multiple pathogens were isolated, totalling 457 isolates. Reported mortality was lower for neonates treated with ceftazidime–amikacin than for neonates treated with ampicillin–gentamicin (hazard ratio [adjusted for clinical variables considered potential confounders to outcomes] 0·32, 95% CI 0·14–0·72; p=0·0060). Of 390 Gram-negative isolates, 379 (97·2%) were resistant to ampicillin and 274 (70·3%) were resistant to gentamicin. Susceptibility of Gram-negative isolates to at least one antibiotic in a treatment combination was noted in 111 (28·5%) to ampicillin–gentamicin; 286 (73·3%) to amoxicillin clavulanate–amikacin; 301 (77·2%) to ceftazidime–amikacin; and 312 (80·0%) to piperacillin–tazobactam–amikacin. A probability of target attainment of 80% or more was noted in 26 neonates (33·7% [SD 0·59]) of 78 with ampicillin–gentamicin; 15 (68·0% [3·84]) of 27 with amoxicillin clavulanate–amikacin; 93 (92·7% [0·24]) of 109 with ceftazidime–amikacin; and 70 (85·3% [0·47]) of 76 with piperacillin–tazobactam–amikacin. However, antibiotic and country effects could not be distinguished. Frequency of resistance was recorded most frequently with fosfomycin (in 78 isolates [68·4%] of 114), followed by colistin (55 isolates [57·3%] of 96), and gentamicin (62 isolates [53·0%] of 117). Sites in six of the seven countries (excluding South Africa) stated that the cost of antibiotics would influence treatment of neonatal sepsis

The role of natural resources in economic growth: new evidence from Pakistan

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of natural resources in economic growth by taking evidence from Pakistan. Design/methodology/approach: Total five variables are used in this study, i.e. GDP, population density, water renewable resources, deforestation and the emissions of CO2, based on time series data from 1972 to 2016. The annual data is collected from World Development Indicators, Food and Agriculture Organization and Pakistan Economic Survey. Vector error correction model technique is applied to find out the long-run results. Findings: Results depict that all variables have a negative and significant relationship over the long run at 5% level of significance. It is observed that 1% increase in population accordingly will degrade GDP by 0.334496%. Correspondingly, 1% increase of water renewable resources will degrade GDP by 0.450647%. Findings are aligning with the study of. Moreover, 1% increase in deforestation will diminish GDP by 0.127821%. If we increase 1% of CO2, GDP will be reduced by 0.802420%. Research limitations/implications: Results depict that all variables have a negative and significant relationship over the long run at 5% level of significance. It is observed that 1% increase in population accordingly will degrade GDP by 0.334496%. Correspondingly, 1% increase of water renewable resources will degrade GDP by 0.450647%. Findings are aligning with the study of. Moreover, 1% increase in deforestation will diminish GDP by 0.127821%. If we increase 1% of CO2, GDP will be reduced by 0.802420%. Practical implications: Family planning may be our last hope. Viable and fruitful family planning ought to be introduced. Status of ladies should be brought up in the society by providing education and employment opportunities. Time of marriage ought to be brought up to 25 years in case of males and 23 in case of females; this can help in decreasing the number of births. Having a large population will not automatically translate into economic prosperity. Investment in well-being, education, sound economic policies and good governance will bring about accelerated economic growth. Originality/value: In recent years, the issue of worldwide water shortage has attracted increasing consideration within scholarly community, non-administrative organizations and the media. Water shortage is a significant and ever-increasing danger to the environment, human well-being, advancement, energy security and the worldwide food supply. This work will introduce real issues and requirements relating to water, environmental changes and their impact on economic growth of Pakistan