A Computer-Based Instrumentation System for the Dynamic Analysis of Foot and Ankle Motion

Past clinical and anatomic studies demonstrate the need to better understand foot and ankle motion phenomenon. Although current gait analysis technology can support such studies, there are no systems currently available. This study was undertaken in order to develop a 3D motion analysis capable for the study of the foot and ankle structure during adult ambulation. Clinical studies of pediatric gait have been reported by numerous authors in the past several decades [15]. These systems are used for pre-surgical planning, post-op follow-up, and assessment of both normal and pathological motion patterns. The focus of this study was to apply accurate and reliable motion analysis techniques to investigate the feasibility of describing complex, multi-segment foot and ankle motion. In 1990, a video-based system for foot and ankle motion was reported by Alexander in which 14 retro-reflective markers were used to describe stance phase parameters [2]. A VICON system (Oxford, England) was used in this study to provide automatic marker tracking during both stance and swing phases of gait

A preliminary study of resting brain metabolism in treatment-resistant depression before and after treatment with olanzapine-fluoxetine combination.

Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) occurs in many patients and causes high morbidity and mortality. Because TRD subjects are particularly difficult to study especially longitudinally, biological data remain very limited. In a preliminary study to judge feasibility and power, 25 TRD patients were referred from specialty psychiatric practices. All were severely and chronically depressed and mostly had comorbid psychiatric disorders as is typical in TRD. Nine patients were able to complete all required components of the protocol that included diagnostic interview; rating scales; clinical magnetic resonance imaging; medication washout; treatment with maximally tolerated olanzapine-fluoxetine combination for 8 weeks; and pre- and post-treatment fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. This drug combination is an accepted standard of treatment for TRD. Dropouts arose from worsening depression, insomnia, and anxiety. One patient remitted; three responded. A priori regions of interest included the amygdala and subgenual cingulate cortex (sgACC; Brodmann area BA25). Responders showed decreased metabolism with treatment in the right amygdala that correlated with clinical response; no significant changes in BA25; better response to treatment the higher the baseline BA25 metabolism; and decreased right ventromedial prefrontal metabolism (VMPFC; broader than BA25) with treatment which did not correlate with depression scores. The baseline metabolism of all individuals showed heterogeneous patterns when compared to a normative metabolic database. Although preliminary given the sample size, this study highlights several issues important for future work: marked dropout rate in this study design; need for large sample size for adequate power; baseline metabolic heterogeneity of TRD requiring careful subject characterization for future studies of interventions; relationship of amygdala activity decreases with response; and the relationship between baseline sgACC and VMPFC activity with response. Successful treatment of TRD with olanzapine-fluoxetine combination shows changes in cerebral metabolism like those seen in treatment-responsive major depression