EFFECT OF DIFFERENT LIGHT SPECTRA ON FECUNDITY OF EPHESTIA KUEHNIELLA ZELLER (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE)

This paper examines the effects of different light spectra on the number of eggs of Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) as a general host of biological control agents. Six distinct spectra of light, ranging from 395 nm to 625 nm, were examined in laboratory conditions. Green and red spectra with ranges of 520-525 nm and 620-625 nm caused the highest and the lowest numbers of eggs, respectively. Additionally, the effects of time on the mean egg load of E. kuehniella were also found to be significant at five days. The implications of the current results are discussed below and suggest that the application of a green spectrum in insectariums could help in increasing egg production

Investigating the Alpha Power in Successful and Unsuccessful Free Throws of Elite and Novice Basketball Players

Introduction: This study aimed to investigate alpha power in successful and unsuccessful free throws of elite and novice basketball players.Methods: The current research was quasi-experimental and was implemented in a time series design. Two Elite (10 participants with a mean age of 22.25 ± 1.34) and Novice (10 participants with a mean age of 22.55 ± 1.80) groups participated voluntarily. The data were measured using 28 electrodes from a 32-channel wireless device and were analyzed using the repeated measures analysis of variance test (p≥0.05).Results: The alpha power of the elite group was higher than the novice group (P=0.001). The successful throws showed lower alpha power than unsuccessful throws (P=0.006). In the comparison of the two groups, the alpha power in the unsuccessful throws of the elite group was higher than in their successful throws (p=0.001), but no difference was observed between the alpha power of the successful and unsuccessful throws of the novice group (p=0.584). The alpha power during the execution time of the free throw task was higher than the pre-execution time (p<0.005), but there was no difference between the first and second pre-execution times (p=1.000). The results of the present study showed that the elite group had higher cortical activity than the novice group in all electrodes (p<0.001).Conclusion: The findings show that the elite group performed the task with less cortical complexity by inhibiting irrelevant information. In addition, the decrease in alpha power in successful throws indicates an increase in activation of cerebral cortex and an increase in concentration, so that the task can be performed with fewer neural resources

Cognitive Performance as a Predictor of Functional Capacity in Schizophrenia

Introduction: Schizophrenia is a severe mental illness characterized by cognitive deficits as well as vocational impairment and interpersonal difficulties. This study examined the link between Continues Performance and everyday living skills. Methodes: Sample was 20 Schizophrenia (11 male and 9 female) selected using convenience sampling among individual with Schizophrenia diagnostic and 20 (10 male and 10 female) were matched with them as control group considering sex, age, marriage and education . Instruments were used in this study include: UCSD Performance-Based Skills Assessment Test (UPSA) and Continues Performance Test (CPT). Results: MANOVA showed a significant main effect for five domain of UPSA and four domain of UPSA. CPT predicted UPSA in schizophrenia. Conclusions: Individuals with schizophrenia would perform significantly worse in everyday living skills and on CPT. In fact poorer performance in CPT predicted basic skills performance in schizophrenia. This will help to determine what specifically needs to be targeted in rehabilitation of cognitive symptoms for those with schizophrenia, and that may reveal remediation in functional capacity as well. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n2s1p14

Life Skills Training and Its Effectiveness: A Systematic Review

Nowadays, despite deep cultural changes and changes in lifestyle and modernism, many people lack the essential ability to cope with life's problems. This makes them vulnerable and unable to deal with the problems of everyday life. Many studies have shown that many health problems and mental-emotional disorders have psycho-social roots. Humans need to learn some skills to cope with stressful situations and struggles of life. Behavioral scientists believe that one of the most effective programs that help people have better and healthier life is life skills training program. The purpose of this program was to help people understand themselves better and have appropriate and effective interpersonal relationships, emotional control, and better management of stressful situations and solve the problems of the people. In this study, we had comprehensive review of the variety of life skills and effectiveness in order to provide strategies to improve damages within the family by a broader view. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n2s1p38

The Effectiveness of Mindfulness and Biofeedback-Relaxation Training on Anxiety, Depression and Dynamic and Static Balance in the Elderly Women with Mild Anxiety and Depression

Anxiety and depression are psychological problems and lack of balance and stability are common physical problems regarding elderly’s health, which can affect other aspects of their health. The current study aimed to determine the effect of mindfulness training and bio-relaxation feedback on anxiety, depression and dynamic and static balance in the older women with mild depression and anxiety. The present study a quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design with control group. The statistical population included all elderly women of nursing homes located in distinct 1, Tehran, Iran in 2018, among whom 30 (65-75 years) were selected using purposive sampling method and eligibility criteria, and divided into three equal 10-membered groups of mindfulness, biofeedback-relaxation and control according to their depression score in pre-test phase. Used befor and after the interventions were Beck’s anxiety questionnaire, Beck’s depression questionnaires for Iranian elderly and balance tests. Mindfulness training and biofeedback-relaxation groups performed 12 30-minute sessions (3 sessions a week) of their tasks. Data were analyzed using One-Way ANCOVA in SPSS-22. The results indicated that anxiety, depression and dynamic balance in mindfulness and biofeedback-relaxation groups and static and dynamic balance variable in the biofeedback-relaxation group had a significant improvement. Likewise, there was a significant difference between mindfulness and control groups, as well as between biofeedback-relaxation and control groups in terms of anxiety and depression mindfulness and biofeedback-relaxation training are suggested to be applied as a supplementary program to improve balance and psychological factors in the elderly. References Afshari, A., Rezai, R., & Dadras, F. (2019). 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(2005). Balance in the elderly. Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology, 71(3), 298-303. Santorelli, S., & Kabat-Zinn, J. (2002). Mindfulness-based stress reduction professional training resource manual. Worcester (master thesis). The Center for Mindfulness in Medicine, Healthcare and Society. Seyedian, M., Falah, M., Nouruzian, M., Nejat, S., Delavar, A., & Ghasezadeh, H. A. (2008). Validity of the Farsi version of mini-mental state examination. Journal of Medical Council of Iran, 25(4), 13-27. [Persian] Smith J.(2003). Stress and aging: theoretical and empirical challenges for interdisciplinary research. Neurobiology of Aging 3, 24, 77-80. Taheri M, Irandoust K, Seghatoleslami A, Rezaei M. (2018). The Effect of yoga practice based on biorhythms theory on balance and selective attention of the elderly women. Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing, 13 (3), 312-323. http://salmandj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-1463-fa.html [Persian] Thurman, D. J., Stevens, J. A., Rao, J. K. (2008). 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Economic Impact of Domestic Tourists on Khorasan Razavi Province

Today, tourism is one of the world's highest booming economic sectors and it is such important in socio-economic development that economists have called it “invisible export”. Given the expanding role of tourism in economic prosperity and the existence of religious and historic sites in Khorasan Razavi province, especially the Imam Reza holy shrine, the impact of tourism on the economy of Khorasan Razavi province is studied in form of a two-region input-output model. For this purpose, input-output coefficients of Khorasan Razavi province and other areas of Iran have been calculated with the use of FLQ non-statistical method from the national input-output table of the year 2011. By calculating direct and increasing coefficients of production and employment in Khorasan Razavi province and the rest of the national economy, a two-region input-output model is presented here. The expenditures paid by domestic tourists staying in the province have been added to our model as export of this province. Our findings show that because of domestic tourists in year 2011, production and employment in this province have been increased 12/11 and 11/47 percent respectively. Moreover, The manufacturing sector in Khorasan Razavi did have the highest level of output impact from the arrival of domestic tourists. The tourism-related sectors, such as transportation and warehousing on the one hand, and wholesale and retail on the other hand were placed in the second and third rank respectively

Optimization of King Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus eryngii) Substrate Using Lignocellulosic Affordable Wastes

Introduction: King oyster mushroom (Pleurotus eryngii) belongs to Basidiomycota division, Agaricomycetes class and Pleurotaceae family. This mushroom generally grows on wood wastes of Apiaceae family. The Pleurotus eryngii is found in pastures, meadows, gardens and seldom in grassy forest clearings and hilly areas. The Pleurotus of the Umbellifers occupy an area in the Northern hemisphere between the 30 and 50º N. These species are mainly found in the subtropical regions of the Mediterranean, Central Europe, Russia, Ukraine, Central Asia and Iran. The P. eryngii sensulato is the only taxon within the genus, which grows in association with plants. P. eryngii has distinguishable characteristics such as coherent texture, unique form, favorable taste and high durability. Mushroom cultivation represents the only current economically viable biotechnology process for the conversion of waste plant residues from forests and agriculture. The species of these genera show much diversity in their adaptation the varying agro-climatic condition which makes more cultivated species than other mushrooms. Special ability of Pleurotus family is growing in lingocellulosic plant or agricultural wastes without needing to prepared compost and casing soil. Pleurotus is an efficient lignin- degrading mushroom and can grow and yield well on different types of lignocellulolosic materials. Type of substrates for mushroom growing depends on available plant or agricultural wastes. In Europe, wheat straw is used for mushroom growing; whereas in Asian South-East countries sawdust is more popular. Different materials for cultivating of P. eryngii have been suggested in different regions of the world; but a few studies have been done on suitability of various lignocellulosic affordable wastes for P. eryngii production in Iran. Therefore, the current study aims to evaluate effects of various locally available agro wastes on the growth characteristics of King oyster mushroom (P. eryngii). Materials and Methods: Sawdust was utilized as the main substrate obtained from beech and populous trees (1:1). After being rinsed off in water and supplemented with calcium sulfate (3%) and calcium carbonate (3%), the substrate was filled in 20 × 40 cm polyethylene bags weighted to 800 grams. Sterilization was performed at 121 °C under pressure of 1.5 bars for two hours. A cultivated P. eryngii strain was then inoculated in the cooled material at a rate of 3% of dry/fresh substrate. The experiments were conducted based on a completely randomized design with five treatments and four replications, measuring mycelial growth (MG), number of fruiting bodies (NFB), mushroom weight, and biological efficiency (BE). AMG was measured in both test tubes and in petri plates in different pH levels (5.5, 7, and 8.5). Data were analyzed by JAMP 4.0, while graphs were drawn by Microsoft Excel 2007 and SigmaPlot 12.0 software. Results and Discussion: The pH of 7 was found to be the best for obtaining maximal MG under all treatments after seven days. The highest amount of MG was obtained with substrate No. 1, while the least was observed in the culture of substrate No. 5. The substrates No. 1 and No. 5 generated the highest and lowest NFBs (p≤0.05). However, there was no significant difference (p≥0.05) in NFB between substrates No. 1 and 3 or between substrates No. 2, 4 and 5. The BE percentages obtained from experimental treatments No. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 were 64.81, 49.74, 59.22, 28.72, and 19.8, respectively. The comparison of means of different growth characteristics revealed that there was no significant difference between substrates No. 1 and 3 or between substrates No. 4 and 5 (p≥0.05). Conclusion: In this time, only two species (Agaricus bisporus and P. ostreatus) are producing in Iran, whereas at least 10 species of edible mushrooms are cultivating in the world. King oyster mushroom has low cost of production and distinguishable characteristics. Therefore, this mushroom can be use as alternative for button mushroom (A. bisporus). Many kind of agricultural wastes are in use for mushroom cultivation. Understanding the effects of substrate materials on mushroom production will be very valuable. The average number of fruits and biological efficiency of treatment No.1 showed significant difference with other treatments. Hence, the treatment No. 1 could be used for commercial production of King oyster mushrooms in Iran. Growth rate of P. eryngii was very diverse, in respect to the determinate values of the environmental factors. On the basis of the average growth rate of the strains, we could conclude what are the optimum ecological values of the species, though these conclusions did not always coincide with the optimum values of the certain strains. However, more research needs to be done to obtain regular and homogeneous supply of this mushroom

Fabrication of a Food Nano-Platform Sensor for Determination of Vanillin in Food Samples

Herein, we describe the fabrication of NiO decorated single wall carbon nanotubes (NiO-SWCNTs) nanocomposites using the precipitation method. The synthesized NiO-SWCNTs nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Remarkably, NiO-SWCNTs and 1-butylpyridinium hexafluorophosphate modified carbon paste electrode (CPE/NiO-SWCNTs/BPrPF6) were employed for the electrochemical detection of vanillin. The vanillin sensor showed an ultra-high sensitivity of 0.3594 &mu;A/&mu;M and a low detection limit of 0.007 &mu;M. In the final step, the NiO-SWCNTs/BPrPF6 was used as the suitable tool for food analysis

Drug-Induced Liver Injury in COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review

Introduction: The severity of COVID-19 may be correlated with the risk of liver injury development. An increasing number of studies indicate that degrees of hepatotoxicity has been associated with using some medications in the management of COVID-19 patients. However, limited studies had systematically investigated the evidence of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) in COVID-19 patients. Thus, this study aimed to examine DILI in COVID-19 patients.Methods: A systematic search was carried out in PubMed/Medline, EMBASE, and Web of Science up to December 30, 2020. Search items included “SARS-CoV-2”, “Coronavirus,” COVID-19, and liver injury.Results: We included 22 related articles. Among included studies, there was five case report, five case series, four randomizes control trial (RCT), seven cohort studies, and one cross-sectional study. The drugs included in this systematic review were remdesivir, favipiravir, tocilizumab, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir/ritonavir. Among included studies, some studies revealed a direct role of drugs, while others couldn't certainly confirm that the liver injury was due to SARS-CoV-2 itself or administration of medications. However, a significant number of studies reported that liver injury could be attributable to drug administration.Discussion: Liver injury in COVID-19 patients could be caused by the virus itself or the administration of some types of drug. Intensive liver function monitoring should be considered for patients, especially patients who are treated with drugs such as remdesivir, lopinavir/ritonavir, and tocilizumab