Relationship between the atomic pair distribution function and small angle scattering: implications for modeling of nanoparticles

Here we show explicitly the relationship between the functions used in the atomic pair distribution function (PDF) method and those commonly used in small angle scattering (SAS) analyses. The origin of the sloping baseline, $-4\pi r\rho_0$, in PDFs of bulk materials is identified as originating from the SAS intensity that is neglected in PDF measurements. The non-linear baseline in nanoparticles has the same origin, and contains information about the shape and size of the nanoparticles.Comment: 19 pages, 0 figure

Ready or Not Should They Be Taught

One quiet afternoon recently as I was pondering an article advocating early reading instruction, I could hear my children playing hide-and-seek. They were shouting, Ready or not you shall be caught! I could not help drawing an analogy between the meaning of their childish rhyme and my feeling toward the growing tempo and insistence of demands to plunge preschool children indiscriminately into formalized reading activities. Unconsciously I paraphrased the rhyme, Ready or not you SHALL be TAUGHT! It had an ominous connotation smacking of pursuit, capture, and force and I began considering the problem in earnest

The Beach Chair Position and Potential Complications Related to Cerebral Perfusion

The complex and dynamic physiological changes that occur when a patient is anesthetized may be further influenced by the surgical positioning of the patient, including that of the beach-chair position. The beach-chair position is often utilized during orthopedic shoulder surgery. The purpose of this review is to identify, utilizing an evidenced-based approach, the potential risks to cerebral and/or spinal cord perfusion when utilizing the beach chair position for surgical procedures under general (and/or regional) anesthesia. Additionally, this review will identify physiological effects on cerebral auto perfusion during anesthesia utilizing the beach-chair position, as well as special considerations or guidelines anesthesia providers should follow when monitoring surgical patients in the beach chair position. A comprehensive literature review utilizing retrospective reviews, case reviews, prospective studies regarding the beach-chair position and potential complications associated with this position was conducted. A PowerPoint presentation describing the beach-chair position, cerebral auto perfusion, and potential complications associated with this position was developed and presented to Student Registered Nurse Anesthetists at a Midwestern Hospital. This presentation was multi-dimensional with the goal being active participation by the group. Additionally, methodology involved a question/answer session based on relevant patient case scenarios. A post-presentation evaluation tool was used to evaluate the quality of the presentation. The physiological framework of adaption and homeostasis was used as the theoretical basis for this project. The expected result of this project is to build awareness and knowledge among Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetists regarding the potential for complications when using the beach chair position during anesthesia by providing the current best evidentiary research available

Drive-Through Deliveries: In Support of Federal Legislation to Mandate Insurer Coverage of Medically Sound Minimum Lengths of Postpanum Stays For Mothers and Newborns

President Clinton signed the Newborns\u27 and Mothers\u27 Health Protection Act of 1996 into law on September 26, 1996. The Act requires insurers that provide maternity benefits to cover medically sound minimum lengths of inpatient, postpartum stays according to the joint guidelines of the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology. This Note discusses the historical context in which the necessity for passage of protective legislation arose, the interplay between state and federal statutes that created the need for federal legislation to provide desired protections for postpartum patients and examines the provisions of the Act. This Note endorses the Newborns\u27 and Mothers\u27 Health Protection Act of 1996 as federal legislation necessary to protect postpartum patients from medically inappropriate insurer mandates while still allowing medical providers and their patients flexibility in medical decision making in the postpartum period

Nonreaders are Nonexistent

Jack stared impatiently at the red traffic light and waited. He was anxious to get back to school after lunch. The light changed to green but as the boy stepped into the street, the sound of an approaching siren told him that the light must be ignored and he re turned to the curb. The emergency car passed, the traffic light cycled green again and Jack made his way safely across the street where he was suddenly confronted by a very large dog. The boy\u27s initial reaction of fright was instantly dispelled when he recognized the dog\u27s friendly intentions by its wagging tail and playful manner

Trading off Time, Carbon, Active Travel, and Health: What do People Really Think about Traffic-reduction Measures?

An online survey polled a socio-demographically representative sample of approximately 2,000 UK residents concerning their attitudes to traffic restrictions that lead to longer car trips. Specifically, to what extent would respondents accept delays to everyday local car journeys if these were offset by reductions in NO2, greenhouse gas emissions or vehicular traffic, or by increases in active travel? Responses suggested high levels of acceptance of delay but this varied by nature of impact (less openness to increased active travel) and socio-demographic attribute (gender, educational attainment, car ownership, ethnicity, housing tenure, prior presence of local traffic restrictions). In particular, there were lower levels of delay acceptance amongst men, respondents without degree-level qualifications, and those in households with two or more cars. These findings are relevant to those communicating about traffic restrictions, in terms of which audiences they target and how they present impacts

Critical phenomena in globally coupled excitable elements

Critical phenomena in globally coupled excitable elements are studied by focusing on a saddle-node bifurcation at the collective level. Critical exponents that characterize divergent fluctuations of interspike intervals near the bifurcation are calculated theoretically. The calculated values appear to be in good agreement with those determined by numerical experiments. The relevance of our results to jamming transitions is also mentioned.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figure

Teaching Reading With i/t/a: A Research Report

Perhaps the most radical of recent innovations to explode upon the embattled horizon of the continuing reading controversy is i/t/a, the Initial Teaching Alphabet