Osteogenic Differentiation Potential of Human Bone Marrow and Amniotic Fluid-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Vitro & in Vivo

BACKGROUND: Cell therapies offer a promising potential in promoting bone regeneration. Stem cell therapy presents attractive care modality in treating degenerative conditions or tissue injuries. The rationale behind this is both the expansion potential of stem cells into a large cell population size and its differentiation abilities into a wide variety of tissue types, when given the proper stimuli. A progenitor stem cell is a promising source of cell therapy in regenerative medicine and bone tissue engineering. AIM: This study aimed to compare the osteogenic differentiation and regenerative potentials of human mesenchymal stem cells derived from human bone marrow (hBM-MSCs) or amniotic fluid (hAF-MSCs), both in vitro and in vivo studies. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Human MSCs, used in this study, were successfully isolated from two human sources; the bone marrow (BM) and amniotic fluid (AF) collected at the gestational ages of second or third trimesters. RESULTS: The stem cells derived from amniotic fluid seemed to be the most promising type of progenitor cells for clinical applications. In a pre-clinical experiment, attempting to explore the therapeutic application of MSCs in bone regeneration, Rat lumbar spines defects were surgically created and treated with undifferentiated and osteogenically differentiated MSCs, derived from BM and second trimester AF. Cells were loaded on gel-foam scaffolds, inserted and fixed in the area of the surgical defect. X-Ray radiography follows up, and histopathological analysis was done three-four months post- operation. The transplantation of AF-MSCs or BM-MSCs into induced bony defects showed promising results. The AF-MSCs are offering a better healing effect increasing the likelihood of achieving successful spinal fusion. Some bone changes were observed in rats transplanted with osteoblasts differentiated cells but not in rats transplanted with undifferentiated MSCs. Longer observational periods are required to evaluate a true bone formation. The findings of this study suggested that the different sources; hBM-MSCs or hAF-MSCs exhibited remarkably different signature regarding the cell morphology, proliferation capacity and osteogenic differentiation potential CONCLUSIONS: AF-MSCs have a better performance in vivo bone healing than that of BM-MSCs. Hence, AF derived MSCs is highly recommended as an alternative source to BM-MSCs in bone regeneration and spine fusion surgeries. Moreover, the usage of gel-foam as a scaffold proved as an efficient cell carrier that showed bio-compatibility with cells, bio-degradability and osteoinductivity in vivo

Effects of Different Parameters of Diode Laser on Acceleration of Orthodontic Tooth Movement and Its Effect on Relapse: An Experimental Animal Study

AIM: Recent studies have demonstrated that low-level laser therapy (LLLT) can accelerate orthodontic tooth movement. However, there is still controversy about the optimum parameters that can cause acceleration. The present study was designed to examine two different doses of LLLT in the acceleration of orthodontic tooth movement and their effect on relapse. METHODS: An orthodontic appliance was designed to induce tooth movement on lower incisors of rabbits. The in-al-as diode laser was used to radiate different groups of rabbits according to a specific protocol. The amount of tooth movement was measured for 21 days, and then the orthodontic appliance was removed, and the relapse was measured till day 28. RESULTS: The amount of tooth movement was significantly greater in the group with irradiation of low dose in comparison with the high dose group and the control group. The relapse was greatest in the group of low dose irradiation and least in the control group. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that LLLT with a low dose accelerate the orthodontic tooth movement while LLLT with a high dose was not able to have the same effect. LLLT had a reverse effect on relapse tendency; an increase in the relapse tendency was seen with low dose irradiation

Chemical Profile of Cyperus laevigatus and Its Protective Effects against Thioacetamide-Induced Hepatorenal Toxicity in Rats

Cyperus species represent a group of cosmopolitan plants used in folk medicine to treat several diseases. In the current study, the phytochemical profile of Cyperus laevigatus ethanolic extract (CLEE) was assessed using UPLC-QTOF–MS/MS. The protective effect of CLEE at 50 and 100 mg /kg body weight (b.w.) was evaluated on hepatorenal injuries induced by thioacetamide (100 mg/kg) via investigation of the extract’s effects on oxidative stress, inflammatory markers and histopathological changes in the liver and kidney. UPLC-QTOF–MS/MS analysis of CLEE resulted in the identification of 94 compounds, including organic and phenolic acids, flavones, aurones, and fatty acids. CLEE improved the antioxidant status in the liver and kidney, as manifested by enhancement of reduced glutathione (GSH) and coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), in addition to the reduction in malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), and 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8OHdG). Moreover, CLEE positively affected oxidative stress parameters in plasma and thwarted the depletion of hepatorenal ATP content by thioacetamide (TAA). Furthermore, treatment of rats with CLEE alleviated the significant increase in plasma liver enzymes, kidney function parameters, and inflammatory markers. The protective effect of CLEE was confirmed by a histopathological study of the liver and kidney. Our results proposed that CLEE may reduce TAA-hepatorenal toxicity via its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties suppressing oxidative stress

THE PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF MORINGA TEA AGAINST CYPERMETHRIN-INDUCED HEPATORENAL DYSFUNCTION, OXIDATIVE STRESS, AND HISTOPATHOLOGICAL ALTERATIONS IN FEMALE RATS

Objectives: Exposure to α-cypermethrin (α-CP) may yield reactive oxygen species (ROS) that is responsible for oxidative stress in mammals. A variety of antioxidants were used to alleviate α-CP-induced toxicity in experimental animals. To the best of our knowledge, there are no attempts of using Moringa oleifera L. (MO) plant extracts against α-CP-induced toxicity. Therefore, this study was conducted.Methods: A total of 16 adult female rats were segregated into equally four groups: One group administered α-CP orally at a dose of 0.05/mg kg bw/ day; and the second group was freely allowed to drink MO leaf extract (moringa tea [MOT]) + the α-CP dose. The other two groups represented negative and positive controls. The daily consumption of the solutions was estimated. At the end of experiments (28 day), all animals were subjected to the planned manifestations.Results: MOT has proved its palatability as drinking solution more than water. Compared with control results, the relative weights of liver and brain recorded significant increases, while that of kidney, heart, spleen, ovary, and lung decreased significantly. Furthermore, alterations in the architecture of the liver, kidney, and brain were observed. α-CP treatment induced high elevation of the levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine amino transferase, alkaline phosphatase, creatinine, and malondialdehyde, while caused decline of butyrylcholinesterase, urea, superoxide dismutase, and total antioxidant capacity levels. Coadministration of MOT restored biochemical and histopathological alterations caused by α-CP to a great extent.Conclusion: The present study introduces novel data on the protective effect of MO leaf extract against CP toxicity and sheds light on the palatability of MOT†to rodents

The Protective Role of Neem Leaves Extract on Cisplatin-Induced Polysaccharides and Protein Depletion in Rat Liver and Kidney

Abstract. Cisplatin, an effective antineoplastic agent, is toxic to the liver and kidney. The present study has evaluated the effect of neem (Azadirachta indica) leaves extract on cisplatin-induced histochemical abnormality in liver and kidney of rats. Histochemical staining of the liver and kidney sections showed weak polysaccharide and protein staining in the cisplatin-treated animals as compared to the control group. Pre, post and co-treatment of animals with methanolic extract of A. indica showed strong staining of polysaccharides and protein compared with the control group. These results were confirmed with image analysis, which showed that cisplatin caused significant decrease in these inclusions compared to control. Likewise, neem treated group showed significant increase in these inclusions compared with cisplatin group. These findings suggest that cisplatin induced depletion of polysaccharides and protein in the liver and kidney of rats can be reverted with neem extract

Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis are Markers in Renal Toxicity Following Egyptian Cobra (Naja haje) Envenomation

Abstract.-Snakebite is a serious and important problem in tropical and subtropical countries including Egypt. The venom of Egyptian cobra (Naja haje; L.) is complex, and it has been considered as a good source of short neurotoxins and several cytotoxins. In this study, oxidative stress inductions as well as apoptotic effects of the Egyptian cobra crude venom at a dose of 0.025mg/kg (intraperitoneal injection; i.p.) has been investigated in kidney of rats after 4 h. Twelve rats divided into 2 groups, Group I served as control group, Group II received i.p. injection of 0.025mg/kg of crude venom. The venom enhanced lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide productions in the kidney with concomitant reduction in glutathione content and superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and glutathione-S-transferase activities were inhibited. Moreover, the venom induced a renal injury as indicated by histopathological changes in the kidney tissue with an elevation in serum creatinine and urea. In addition, the renal ultrastructural changes were in the form of blebbing of visceral epithelial cells, and foot process disorganization. Also, the glomerular capillaries lined by hypertrophied endothelial cells. These findings were associated with the pro-apoptotic action in the kidney. The results suggest that Egyptian cobra venom stimulates oxidative stress to induce apoptosis in renal tissue through inhibition of mitochondrial respiration in male rats

Hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic and antioxidant effects of green sprouts juice and functional dairy micronutrients against streptozotocin-induced oxidative stress and diabetes in rats

Hyperglycemia, the mark normal for diabetes and associated disorders are the main goals of natural diabetes therapies. In this context, the present research was designed to study the effects of fenugreek sprouts juice (FS), barley sprouts juice (BS), cell-free probiotic extract (cell-free PE), whey protein hydrolysate (WPH) and their mixture on diabetic rats. Free radical scavenging activity, total phenolic contents (TPC) and total flavonoid contents (TFC) of each item mentioned were determined. Diabetes was induced through the injection of male rats with a single intraperitoneal dose (45 mg/kg) of streptozotocin. After the development of diabetes, diabetic rats were orally administered daily with 1ml of with fenugreek sprouts juice, barley sprouts juice, cell-free probiotic extract, whey protein hydrolysate or their mixture until the end of the study period (45 day). Oral administration of fenugreek sprouts juice, barley sprouts juice, cell-free probiotic extract, whey protein hydrolysate and their mixture to diabetic rats significantly reduced fasting blood glucose levels and improved the lipid profile. All the studied items limit the reductions of haemoglobin concentrations and plasma α-amylase activities. Also all the studied items suppressed the elevation of malondialdehyde values and the reduction of catalase activities. Histopathological investigation of pancreas, liver and kidneys of the diabetic rats showed histological alterations. On the other hand, supplementations with the tested materials lead to relieving these injuries. Results revealed that fenugreek sprouts juice, barley sprouts juice, cell-free probiotic extract, whey protein hydrolysate and their mixture had promising effects towards hyperglycemia and associated disorders

Consolidating probiotic with dandelion, coriander and date palm seeds extracts against mercury neurotoxicity and for maintaining normal testosterone levels in male rats

Objective: Heavy metals are major elements polluting our universe. The inhalation, ingestion or even contacting human body with these elements results in huge health problems. The most common pollutant in our surrounding is mercury. Therefore, the present study aimed to elucidating the protective ability of hot water extracts of dandelion (DA), coriander (CO), date palm seeds (DS), probiotic supernatant (PS) and their combined mixture against mercury-induced neurotoxicity and altered testosterone levels in male rats. Methods: Fifty six male rats were randomly allotted into seven groups (n = 8 rats/group). Group1 (negative control; NC) animals were fed on the basal diet only, group2 (positive controls; PC) animals were fed on the basal diet and given an aqueous solution of mercuric chloride (25 ppm mercuric) in drinking water. Animals of the antioxidant-treated groups (3–7) were fed on the basal diet and given an aqueous solution of mercuric chloride (25 ppm mercuric) in drinking water together with the herbal antioxidant extracts and probiotics (25 ml/rat/day) throughout the experimental period. Where, group3 (Hg/CO) given coriander extract, group4 (Hg/DA) given dandelion extract, group5 (Hg/DS) given date palm seeds extract, group6 (Hg/PS) given probiotic supernatant, and group7 (Hg/Mix) given mixture of equal quantities of probiotic supernatant together with the three herbal extracts. The treatment lasted for 6 weeks, animals were sacrificed and blood samples were collected. Blood testosterone, enzyme activity and histopathological sections were performed. Results: The obtained data exhibited that mercury intoxication revealed increases of lactic dehydrogenase and decreases of glutathione-s-transferase and testosterone. Light microscopic investigations of the brain cortex and cerebellum were suggestive of multiple foci of inflammation, cellular infiltration, gliosis and degeneration. Moreover, decreased glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-immunoreactivity and potential astrocyte toxicity both reflected impaired neuro-protective function of astrocytes necessary for maintaining the brain structure and function. Conclusion: Administration of the herbal extracts and their mixture with probiotics enhance the body defense and contain protective factor against mercury neurotoxicity and for maintaining normal testosterone levels in male rats. Also, treatment restored the normal control levels of biochemical attributes and histological architecture. Keywords: Mercury toxicity, Dandelion, Coriander, Date seeds, Probiotics, GFAP, Histology, Brain, Rat

A new flavonoid C-glycoside from solanum elaeagnifolium with hepatoprotective and curative activities against paracetamol-induced liver injury in mice

A new fl avonoid C-glycoside, kaempferol 8-C-β-galactoside, along with twelve known glycosidic fl avonoids was isolated from the aqueous methanolic extract of Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav. (Solanaceae), by conventional chromatographic methods; their structure elucidation was achieved using UV, ESI-MS, and NMR spectral analyses. Groups of six mice were administered S. elaeagnifolium extracts at 25, 50, and 75 mg/kg body weight (BW) prior to or post administration of a single dose of paracetamol (500 mg/kg BW). The extract showed signifi cant hepatoprotective and curative effects against histopathological and histochemical damage induced by paracetamol in liver. The extract also ameliorated the elevation in glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels. These fi ndings were accompanied by a nearly normal architecture of the liver in the treated groups, compared to the paracetamol control group. As a positive control, silymarin was used, an established hepatoprotective drug against paracetamol-induced liver injury. This study provides the fi rst validation of the hepatoprotective activity of S. elaeagnifolium.Peer Reviewe