Disaggregate Energy Consumption, Agricultural Output and Economic Growth in Pakistan

The performance of an economy is generally measured by sustained rise in GDP growth over the period of time. The economic growth is the major goal of macroeconomics. According to neo-classical growth theory, the core factors of growth are labour and capital. In addition to these factors; technological progress, human capital development etc. are the most efficient factors of production. Development of technology and use of mechanisation in production process require energy at massive scale. So, energy has become a crucial factor of economic growth indirectly. Energy is widely regarded as a propelling force behind any economic activity and indeed plays a vital role in enhancing production. Therefore, highly important resources of energy will enhance the technology impact manifold. Quality energy resources can act as facilitator of technology while less worthy resources can dampen the power of new technology. Ojinnaka (1998) argued that the consumption of energy tracks with the national product. Hence, the scale of energy consumption per capita is an important indicator of economic modernisation. In general countries that have higher per capita energy consumption are more developed than those with low level of consumption

Economic Institutions and Growth Nexus: The Role of Governance and Democratic Institutions—Evidence from Time Varying Parameters’ (TVPs) Models

The present study has investigated the channels through which the linkage between economic institutions and growth is gauged, by addressing the main hypothesis of the study that whether quality of governance and democratic institutions set a stage for economic institutions to promote the long-term growth process in Pakistan. To test the hypothesis empirically, our study models the dynamic relationship between growth and economic institutions in a time varying framework in order to capture institutional developments and structural changes occurred in the economy of Pakistan over the years. Study articulates that, along with some customary specifics, the quality of government and democracy are the substantial factors that affect institutional quality and ultimately cause to promote growth in Pakistan. JEL Classification: O40; P16; C14; H10 Keywords: Economic Institutions, Growth, Governance and Democracy, Rolling Window Two-stage Least Squares, Pakista

The Socio-Economic and Demographic Determinants of Women Work Participation in Pakistan: Evidence from Bahawalpur District

The analysis of labour market participation is useful for formulating employment and human resource development policies. Females form almost more than half of the total population in Pakistan play a very important role in the country. The present study endeavors to estimate the various factors which affect the women work participation. The study is based on the cross-section data collected through field survey. The logistic regression technique is employed to estimate the determinants of female labour force participation. Educational attainment levels turn out to be very significant determinant. Female’s labour force participation rises with increasing level of education. Presence of children in early age groups reduces the female labour force participation. The results of the study conclude that female education is necessary for better employment opportunities.Female labor force participation; Female education; Household Income; Family Dependents; Marital Status; Children; Logit Model; Pakistan

Causality Linkages among Energy Poverty, Income Inequality, Income Poverty and Growth: A System Dynamic Modelling Approach

The energy services stipulation of a country discloses its importance as a decency of course of action necessary for economic prosperity, lessening the poverty and depolarising the social asymmetry [Barnes, et al. (2011)]. The accomplishment of basic needs of energy services that include excess to electricity, commercial use of energy for production process as well as usage of electricity in the residential areas and modern use of energy sources for cooking purposes portraits an image of high-quality living standard of individuals and offers a way forward to economic development.12 The notion of pro-poor growth is well documented in the recent literature for assurance of thinning the poverty that is congregated through translation of growth into the lives of poor by reshaping the income distribution23 for marginalised group of people. Ekouevi and Tuntivate (2012) and studies of international agencies [AGECC (2010); WHO (2006); UNDP and WHO (2009)] have preliminary acknowledged the need of improving the access to reliable and affordable modern energy services in the developing economies for economic prosperity and social welfare of individuals

An Analysis of Exploring the Relationship between Foreign Inflows and Sectoral Output of Pakistan

The study aims at investigating the relationship between foreign inflows and sectoral output of Pakistan using time series annual data for the period from 1972 to 2013. Following Solow growth model, the results suggest positive relationship of employed labor force, investment, foreign direct investment, foreign aid and workers’ remittances with sectoral output of Pakistan while trade deficit is negatively correlated with sectoral output. According to some diagnostic statistics, the regression model is free from autocorrelation problem, residuals are normally distributed and there is no specification problem. Keywords: Agriculture Sector Output, Industrial Sector Output, Services Sector Output, Foreign Direct Investment, Trade Deficit, Foreign Aid, Workers’ Remittances. JEL Classification Codes: B13, C32, C82, E13, E22, E23, E24, F35.

A Time Series Analysis of Investigating the Influence of Sectoral Output on Employment in Pakistan

The present study aims at investigating the influence of Sectoral Output (agriculture, industrial and services sector output) on the employment in the Pakistan using annual data ranging from 1972 to 2014. Results are estimated using log-log forms of the equations. The study applies unit root test and has found order of integration as 1. The long run coefficients are estimated using Johansen co-integration test which suggests agriculture; Industrial & Services sectors output and exports as positively linked with employment. Consumer Price Index, Exchange rate and Population may have a positive as well as negative link with employment. Short run results show converges towards the long run equilibrium. Keywords: Sectoral Output, Employment, Exchange rate, Population, Johansen Co-integration test, Consumer Price Index, Exports JEL Classification: C13, C32, E24, E31, F18, O47, Q10, L60, P2

Factors Affecting Women Contribution in Household Budget in Urban Informal Sector: An Analysis

Woman share in formal and informal labor market has gained much importance at national and international level It has become the main agenda of national and international organizations for last three decades Data collected for those women whom are contributing in the household budget through their informal economic activities is a Herculean task The raison d etre of our research work is to measure those factors which are affecting woman s contribution in the household budget particularly in the urban informal sector Primary data were collected from urban councils of district Dera Ghazi Kha

Examining the impact of financial development on load capacity factor (LCF): System GMM analysis for Asian economies

Contingent upon the empirical work done, the current study seeks to investigate the environmental load capacity factor (LCF) consequences of financial development in three different ways for 48 Asian economies. We used the two-step system generalized method of moments (GMM) technique to analyze the data from 1996 to 2020. Initially, we investigated the environmental consequences of financial development by considering six dimensions of financial development. Then, we modified the original environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) into the financial market-based EKC (FM-EKC) to compare short- and long-run environmental consequences of financial development. Ultimately, the study explores the intersecting marginal effects of financial development and institutional quality on environmental quality. Our results show that foreign direct investment (FDI), financial development, economic growth, and environmental quality (LCF) exhibit statistically significant long-run co-integrating relationships in the studied economies. This study demonstrated how FDI, financial development, and economic expansion contribute to environmental deterioration in 48 Asian countries. The nexus between finance and sustainability is moderated by the institutional quality and the regulatory environment, resulting in the FM-EKC idea. The key findings of system GMM analysis confirmed that Asian countries have an inverted U-shaped FM-EKC, which we attempt to explain with three different justifications. This study showed that the strong institutional structure in an economy guarantees the favorable environmental consequences of financial development in the long run. It also suggested that a healthier education structure of an economy can help improve the environmental quality of an economy

The Socio-Economic and Demographic Determinants of Women Work Participation in Pakistan: Evidence from Bahawalpur District

The analysis of labour market participation is useful for formulating employment and human resource development policies. Females form almost more than half of the total population in Pakistan play a very important role in the country. The present study endeavors to estimate the various factors which affect the women work participation. The study is based on the cross-section data collected through field survey. The logistic regression technique is employed to estimate the determinants of female labour force participation. Educational attainment levels turn out to be very significant determinant. Female’s labour force participation rises with increasing level of education. Presence of children in early age groups reduces the female labour force participation. The results of the study conclude that female education is necessary for better employment opportunities

The Socio-Economic and Demographic Determinants of Women Work Participation in Pakistan: Evidence from Bahawalpur District

The analysis of labour market participation is useful for formulating employment and human resource development policies. Females form almost more than half of the total population in Pakistan play a very important role in the country. The present study endeavors to estimate the various factors which affect the women work participation. The study is based on the cross-section data collected through field survey. The logistic regression technique is employed to estimate the determinants of female labour force participation. Educational attainment levels turn out to be very significant determinant. Female’s labour force participation rises with increasing level of education. Presence of children in early age groups reduces the female labour force participation. The results of the study conclude that female education is necessary for better employment opportunities