The Effect of Different Levels of Irrigation and Potassium (K) Application on Seed Erucic Content for Different Varieties of Brassica under Field Conditions

Field experiments were laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with split plot arrangements at Malakandher Research Farm Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Agricultural University Peshawar Pakistan to study the effect of different levels of irrigation and potassium on seed Erucic Acid content of Brassica. Four varieties Wester, Rainbow, Oscar and Legend were selected on the basis of their good response to potassium application in water stress conditions.maximum erucic acid content (6.68%) was observed in treatments of 60% irrigation and minimum erucic acid content (4.67%) was observed in plants treated with 100% irrigation level.In case of potassium, maximum erucic acid content (5.66%) was noted in those treatments which received 120 kg K ha-1 and minimum erucic acid content (5.45%) when treated with 90 kg K ha-1. I x K interaction indicated maximum erucic acid content (6.79%) in plants treated with 60% irrigation level and 60 kg K ha-1 while minimum erucic acid content (4.54%) was noted in plants treated with 60 kg K ha-1 and 100% irrigation. Keywords: Erucic Acid, Potassium, Irrigation, Stress, Brassica, Variet

RF energy harvesters for wireless sensors, state of the art, future prospects and challenges: a review

The power consumption of portable gadgets, implantable medical devices (IMDs) and wireless sensor nodes (WSNs) has reduced significantly with the ongoing progression in low-power electronics and the swift advancement in nano and microfabrication. Energy harvesting techniques that extract and convert ambient energy into electrical power have been favored to operate such low-power devices as an alternative to batteries. Due to the expanded availability of radio frequency (RF) energy residue in the surroundings, radio frequency energy harvesters (RFEHs) for low-power devices have garnered notable attention in recent times. This work establishes a review study of RFEHs developed for the utilization of low-power devices. From the modest single band to the complex multiband circuitry, the work reviews state of the art of required circuitry for RFEH that contains a receiving antenna, impedance matching circuit, and an AC-DC rectifier. Furthermore, the advantages and disadvantages associated with various circuit architectures are comprehensively discussed. Moreover, the reported receiving antenna, impedance matching circuit, and an AC-DC rectifier are also compared to draw conclusions towards their implementations in RFEHs for sensors and biomedical devices applications

A Case Study on Water Storage Tank Design, Constrution, Operation and Assessment in District Kalat, Balochistan

Balochistan has been blessed with all types of ecological zones; the only limited factor is water. Also grow more food by each drop of water is the cry of the day. For this it is utmost important to take maximum discharge from already design structures. In Balochistan there is no irrigation at night and tubewell is operating full night whose discharge were wasted and Electricity load shedding problems are also there especially at day time. For this a storage tank is required which stores water for further utilization at day time irrigation hours. For the design of storage tank the tube well discharge ,its operating hours and other parameters were assessed. Discharge of tube well was determined by using trajectory method which was 10 lps. Ten hours were taken as operating hours The construction of the water storage tank involves different steps that are removal of vegetation from the design area, land leveling, materials selection which included water, cement, sand and gravel.. The recommended Tank dimension (Length X Width X Height of 17m X 17m X 1.37m) for scheme incorporated. Tank is backfilled with near by soil. The water stored during night is most beneficially utilized for 6 hr since morning for the command area at the tail of the water course instead of design discharge of tube well of 10 LPS (during day time) for the whole area which was not possible otherwise. Keywords: Storage Tank, Design, Construction, Discharge, Cost Benefit Rati

ProTaper Rotary Instrument Fracture During Root Canal Preparation: A Comparison Between Rotary and Hybrid Techniques

AIMS: This study aimed to compare the frequency of ProTaper rotary instrument fracture with rotary (conventional) and hybrid (rotary and hand files) canal preparation techniques. Secondary objectives were to determine whether there was an association of ProTaper file fracture with the canal curvature and to compare the mean time required for canal preparation in the two techniques. METHODS: An in vitro experiment was conducted on 216 buccal canals of extracted maxillary and mandibular first molars. After creating an access cavity and a glide path for each canal, a periapical radiograph was taken and the canal curvature was measured with Schneider\u27s technique. The canals were then randomly divided into Group A (rotary technique) and Group B (hybrid technique). The length of ProTaper files were measured before and after each canal preparation. Time taken for each canal preparation was recorded. RESULTS: A total of seven ProTaper files fractured in Group A (P=0.014) in canals with a curvature \u3e25 degrees (P CONCLUSION: In the teeth studied, the hybrid technique of root canal preparation with ProTaper rotary files, although time consuming, was safer in canals having a curvature greater than 25 degrees

Assessment of Coefficient of Variation of Emitters Flow Rate with Respect to Design, Manufacturer and Plugging in Installed Drip Irrigation Systems at Selected Sites of Peshawar Valley

The study was conducted to assess the performance of drip irrigation systems installed at Charsadda, Malakand Agency and Nowshera. The performance parameters of the drip irrigation system included the coefficient of variation of emitters flow rate with respect to design of manufacturer, hydraulics, grouping of the emitters, plugging, uniformity, efficiency, adequacy and estimated design discharge , measured Cv(H) values for all plots are less than 30%.  Hydraulic design seems to be only one of the minor factors in the evaluation of overall uniformity of a micro-irrigation system. Having the Cv(HM) variations are only about 0-7% except plot No.1 of Nowshera farm that is 24.16%, expressed by Cv. micro-irrigation system can be designed hydraulically to maintain emitter flow uniformity within 10% or 20% emitter flow variations. Grouping variation of emitters flow is 0-4% in Charsadda and Malakand Agency farm. In plot No.1 of Nowshera farm its 20.60% while in plot No.2 and 3 it is 0%. The group coefficient is affected by emitters flow rate that is uniform. In Charsadda and Malakand Agency farm the overall effect of hydraulic, manufacturer and grouping are 0-7.11% and 0-1.02% in plot No.3 and 2 of Nowshera farm, in plot No.1 it is 31.75%. Among all the factors affecting the uniformity, plugging is the most significant factor. The Cv(P) is 0% resulted from partial plugging. 5-10% plugging could produce Cv(P) of 23-33%. This system has no plugging, which implies that the system is performing excellent. Cv(HMP) was evidently affected most by hydraulic and manufacture variation. The overall Cv(HMP) is maximum in Charsadda plot No.2 is 16.1%  while in plot No.3 and 4 this range from 1.8 to 0.6%. In Malakand and Nowshera farm this overall variation give negative values due to more variation in the level of plugging and CV(HM). . Keywords: Coefficient of Variation, Emitters, Plugging, Uniformity, Drip Irrigatio

Over Exploitation of Groundwater Resources and Their Influence on Groundwater in Peshawar Valley

In this study the objective is to find the impact of the rainwater recharge on the ground water table fluctuations. For this purpose the data about different sources of discharge from the ground water as well as the sources of water recharged into the ground water was collected. The discharge of these Tube wells ranges from 1200 gallons per hour for a Tube-well in Pishtakhera Payan to 50625 gallons per hour from an Irrigation Tube well in Lakaray. It was also observed that both turbine and submersible pumps are used in these tube-wells. After summing up all the discharges from all the tube wells it was found to be 7,401,684 gallons per hour (7.78m3/sec). According to PDA report area of Peshawar is 1257 Km2. Since Depth of water per unit time is total discharge / total Area, therefore depth of water per second is 7.77 / (1257*1000^2) = 6.18 * 10-9 m/sec. Depth of water per year = 6.18 * 10-9 * 3600*12*365= 0.098 m /year= 98 mm / year. The average discharge of each commercial well was found to be 0.38 Liters / second. Since ttal number of union councils in Peshawar region are 92, therefore on average total number of commercial/community tube wells are 552. Taking average discharge for each tube well as 0.38 Liters / sec, total discharge from the commercial wells in Peshawar region will be 552*0.38=209.76 Liters per second which is equal to 0.2098 cubic meter per second. Discharge from commercial wells per year=0.2098*3600*4*365= 1102498.6 cubic meter per year.Total depth of water discharged by the commercial wells from the Peshawar region is Depth of water = 1102498.6 / 1169*1000^2=0.94mm/year.Assuming two hours operation of hand pump daily, total outflow of water from town-II is equal to 22873905.7 cubic meters per year. Total depth of water discharged from town-II using hand pumps was found to be equal to 52.28 mm per year.So total annual depth of water discharged out through hand pumps from three towns (II, III, and IV) is equal to 171.05 mm. Keywords: Rainwater, Recharge, Hand Pump, Tube well, Discharge, Total Dept

Assessment of Estimated Design Discharge with Physical Need Based Installed Drip Irrigation Systems in Selected Sites of Peshawar Valley

The study was conducted to assess the performance of drip irrigation systems installed at Charsadda, Malakand Agency and Nowshera. The performance parameters of the drip irrigation system included the coefficient of variation of emitters flow rate with respect to design of manufacturer, hydraulics, plugging  were compared with physical need based CROPWAT software estimation were evaluated. The emitters discharge was collected at the beginning, 1/3 down, 2/3 down and end of each selected lateral by volumetric method. The soil texture and infiltration data was also determined for the efficiency and adequacy of drip irrigation system. The head loss along the laterals was determined for uniformity of the drip irrigation system. These collected values were averaged for each plot and water requirement was determined by using CROPWAT computer software. Results of the study revealed that the head loss in Malakand Agency (0.6 m) irrigation systems remained uniform while these are varying in Nowshera and Charsadda (0.4-1.5 m). Theoretical discharges are mostly less than actual discharges with a maximum of 55 % increase in Malakand Agency and a minimum at Charsadda with 3.3 % increase in actual discharge. Due to increased laterals length with more emitters per lateral gives fluctuation in discharge and pressure. Discharge variation was more due to low-pressure head in Nowshera. Keywords: Coefficient of variation, Design, Plugging, Head Loss, Theoretical Discharg