Pulp analysis of teeth submitted to different types of forces: a histological study in rats

Objective: The purpose of this study was to histologically evaluate pulp and dentin under induced tooth movement (ITM) with different types of forces. Material and Methods: The maxillary right first molars of rats were submitted to movement with continuous (CF), continuous interrupted (CIF) and intermittent (IF) forces during 5, 7 and 9 days with nickel-titanium (NiTi) closed-coil springs exerting 50cN force magnitude. The groups were histologically evaluated as for cellularity pattern, presence of dystrophic, hemodynamic alterations in the pulp as well dentin alterations. The main observed alterations were related to hemodynamic pulp characteristics, such as presence of thrombosis, vascular congestion and hemorrhages. The hemodynamic alterations were statistically evaluated by Shapiro-Wilk normality test and analysis of variance by the Kruskall-Wallis test. Results: There was no significant differences observed between groups in the different types of applied forces and duration of ITM (vascular congestion, p=1.000; hemorrhage, p=0.305; thrombosis, p=1.000). Conclusions: Pulp tissue alterations resulting from ITM were limited to hemodynamic events, without progressing to irreversible degeneration, regardless of the type of force applied. &nbsp

Análise das alterações pulpares em dentes submetidos a diferentes tipos de força

As alterações teciduais decorrentes da movimentação dentária induzida (MDI) são constantemente estudadas, pois não estão completamente estabelecidas na literatura. Porém a maioria dos estudos descreve as alterações que a MDI provoca no periodonto e poucos em relação às alterações pulpares. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar as alterações pulpares após a movimentação dentária induzida com diferentes tipos de força. Ratos da linhagem Wistar foram submetidos à movimentação dentária dos primeiros molares superiores direitos com os seguintes tipos de força: força contínua (FC), força contínua interrompida (FCI) e força intermitente (FI), nos períodos de 5, 7 e 9 dias. Os incisivos superiores direitos foram submetidos à exodontia e reimplante imediato com o objetivo de induzir a anquilose para servirem de ancoragem. Foram instaladas molas de NiTi com liberação de 50cN de magnitude de força, sendo mantidas, desativadas ou removidas, em determinados períodos, para estabelecer os tipos de força sobre os molares. Os grupos foram avaliados histologicamente quanto ao padrão de celularidade, presença de alterações distróficas, hemodinâmicas e dentinárias. As alterações pulpares foram somente hemodinâmicas, como a presença de trombose, congestão vascular e hemorragias. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significantes entre os diferentes tipos de força sobre o tecido pulpar dos molares movimentados. Conclui-se que as alterações histológicas no tecido pulpar decorrentes da MDI, concentraram-se nos eventos hemodinâmicos, não progredindo para degenerações irreversíveis, independentemente do tipo de força empregada.The tissue changes caused by induced tooth movement (ITM) are constantly studied, as they are not fully established in the literature. Most studies have described the reactions in the periodontium and few cases regarding pulp changes related. The aim of this study was to evaluate the pulp changes after ITM with different types of strength. Wistar rats were submitted to dental movement of the first molars rights with the following types of power: continuous force (CF), interrupted continuous force (ICF) and intermittent force (IF), in periods of 5, 7 and 9 days. The upper right incisors were subjected to extraction and reimplantation immediately with the aim of inducing ankylosis to serve as anchorage. NiTi springs were installed with release 50cN magnitude of force, being held, disabled or removed in certain periods, to establish the types of force on the molars. The groups were evaluated histologically as the pattern of cellularity, presence of dystrophic, hemodynamic and dentinal changes. Were found hemodynamic changes as the presence of thrombosis, vascular congestion and bleeding. There was no statistically significant difference between the different types of force on the pulp tissue damage. We conclude that the histological changes in the pulp tissue due was focused on hemodynamic events, not progressing to irreversible degeneration, regardless of the type of force used

Effect of alendronate, dexamethasone and the association of both on osteoclastogenesis: an in vitro study

Os osteoclastos são células multinucleadas com a função de degradar e reabsorver o tecido ósseo. Medicamentos como o alendronato (um tipo de bisfosfonato nitrogenado) e a dexametasona (glicocorticoide), podem interferir na fisiologia das células clásticas. Enquanto o alendronato (ALN) inativa o osteoclasto, agindo primordialmente sobre o citoesqueleto desta célula, a dexametasona (DEX) pode promover aumento na atividade dessa célula. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do ALN, da DEX e da combinação de ambos sobre a osteoclastogênese e ativação desta célula. Primeiramente foi estabelecido protocolo de remoção de smear layer para os discos de osso bovino e na sequência, foi realizada análise em espectrofotômetro para avaliar a concentração de ALN absorvida pelo osso. O substrato ósseo foi capaz de absorver completamente o ALN da solução nas concentrações de 10 e 100 M. O cultivo de osteoclastos foi feito a partir das células da medula óssea de camundongos e estimulados com 1,25 dihidroxivitamina D3 e através de osteoclastos obtidos a partir de células Raw 264.7 estimulados com RANKL. As células foram cultivadas sobre substrato ósseo previamente tratado com ALN e tratadas com DEX a 1 M. Conclui-se que o tratamento com ALN a 10 M não foi capaz de inibir completamente a reabsorção óssea, seja administrado sozinho ou com a DEX. A DEX promoveu aumento na expressão gênica RANKL e redução de OPG, mesmo quando administrada conjuntamente com ALN. Quando utilizado na concentração de 100 M, o ALN reduziu a quantidade de anéis de actina dos osteoclastos e promoveu significativa diminuição na liberação de EVs nestas células.Osteoclasts are multinucleated cells which degrade and reabsorb bone tissue. Drugs such as alendronate (nitrogen-containing type of bisphosphonate) and dexamethasone (glucocorticoid), have several effects on osteoclasts. While alendronate (ALN) inactivates the osteoclast, acting primarily on the cytoskeleton of this cell, dexamethasone (DEX) may promote an increase in this cell activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of ALN, DEX and a combination of both on osteoclastogenesis and activation of this cell. First, a smear layer removal protocol for bovine bone disks was established, and then a spectrophotometric analysis to assess the concentration of ALN absorbed by the bone. The bone substrate was able to completely absorb the ALN with solutions of 10 and 100 M. Osteoclast culture was obtained from mouse bone marrow cells and stimulated with 1.25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 and through osteoclasts from Raw 264.7 cells stimulated with RANKL. The cells were cultivated on bone slices treated with ALN and DEX at 1 M. It was concluded that treatment with ALN at 10 M did not completely inhibit bone resorption, whether administered alone or with DEX. DEX promoted increased expression of the RANKL and reduced OPG, even when administered with ALN. When osteoclasts were treated with 100 M ALN, a significant decrease in the formation of actin rings was found and reduced release of EVs

Actin and Actin-Associated Proteins in Extracellular Vesicles Shed by Osteoclasts

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are shed by all eukaryotic cells and have emerged as important intercellular regulators. EVs released by osteoclasts were recently identified as important coupling factors in bone remodeling. They are shed as osteoclasts resorb bone and stimulate osteoblasts to form bone to replace the bone resorbed. We reported the proteomic content of osteoclast EVs with data from two-dimensional, high resolution liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. In this article, we examine in detail the actin and actin-associated proteins found in osteoclast EVs. Like EVs from other cell types, actin and various actin-associated proteins were abundant. These include components of the polymerization machinery, myosin mechanoenzymes, proteins that stabilize or depolymerize microfilaments, and actin-associated proteins that are involved in regulating integrins. The selective incorporation of actin-associated proteins into osteoclast EVs suggests that they have roles in the formation of EVs and/or the regulatory signaling functions of the EVs. Regulating integrins so that they bind extracellular matrix tightly, in order to attach EVs to the extracellular matrix at specific locations in organs and tissues, is one potential active role for actin-associated proteins in EVs

Orthodontic extrusion as treatment option for crown-root fracture: literature review with systematic criteria

To review the literature searching for a consensus for the choice of orthodontic extrusion as treatment for crown-root fracture. An electronic search was performed in the databases PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and Scopus and a manual search of the Journal Dental Traumatology. Forty articles were found in PubMed and 38 in Scopus and after removal of duplicate sample 51 contained articles. Of these, 48 were excluded for not having orthodontic treatment, no follow-up or follow-up less than 6 months, or not report the presence of crown-root fracture. In manual search in Dental Traumatology 20 articles were found, but none of them met the prerequisites established. So, three articles formed the basis of the study. The choice of how to treat orthodontic extrusion of crown-root fracture was effective and stable, without root and periodontal changes. Factors, such as root formation and presence of pulp vitality were decisive for determining the stages of treatment, however, there is no consensus based on scientific evidence about these protocols

Pulp analysis of teeth submitted to different types of forces: a histological study in rats

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to histologically evaluate pulp and dentin under induced tooth movement (ITM) with different types of forces. Material and Methods: The maxillary right first molars of rats were submitted to movement with continuous (CF), continuous interrupted (CIF) and intermittent (IF) forces during 5, 7 and 9 days with nickel-titanium (NiTi) closed-coil springs exerting 50cN force magnitude. The groups were histologically evaluated as for cellularity pattern, presence of dystrophic, hemodynamic alterations in the pulp as well dentin alterations. The main observed alterations were related to hemodynamic pulp characteristics, such as presence of thrombosis, vascular congestion and hemorrhages. The hemodynamic alterations were statistically evaluated by Shapiro-Wilk normality test and analysis of variance by the Kruskall-Wallis test. Results: There was no significant differences observed between groups in the different types of applied forces and duration of ITM (vascular congestion, p=1.000; hemorrhage, p=0.305; thrombosis, p=1.000). Conclusions: Pulp tissue alterations resulting from ITM were limited to hemodynamic events, without progressing to irreversible degeneration, regardless of the type of force applied