Molecular assay on Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever virus in ticks (Ixodidae) collected from Kermanshah Province, Western Iran

Background: Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) is a feverous and hemorrhagic disease endemic in some parts of Iran and caused by an arbovirus related to Bunyaviridae family and Nairovirusgenus. The main virus reservoir in the nature is ticks, however small vertebrates and a wide range of domestic and wild animals are regarded as reservoir hosts. This study was conducted to determine the infection rate of CCHF virus in hard ticks of Sarpole- Zahab County, Kermanshah province, west of Iran. Methods: From total number of 851 collected ticks from 8 villages, 131 ticks were selected randomlyand investigated for detection of CCHF virus using RT-PCR. Results: The virus was found in 3.8 of the tested ticks. Hyalommaanatolicum, H.asiaticum and Rhipicephalus sanguineus species were found to have viral infection, with the highest infection rate (11.11) in Rh. sanguineus. Conclusion: These findings provide epidemiological evidence for planning control strategies of the disease in the study area

Combination Effect of Hemostatic and Disinfecting Agents on Micro-leakage of Restorations Bonded with Different Bonding Systems

Statement of Problem: Hemostatic agents may affect the micro-leakage of different adhesive systems. Also, chlorhexidine has shown positive effects on micro-leakage. However, their interaction effect has not been reported yet. Objectives: To evaluate the effect of contamination with a hemostatic agent on micro- leakage of total- and self-etching adhesive systems and the effect of chlorhexidine application after the removal of the hemostatic agent. Materials and Methods: Standardized Class V cavity was prepared on each of the sixty caries free premolars at the cemento-enamel junction, with the occlusal margin located in enamel and the gingival margin in dentin. Then, the specimens were randomly divided into 6 groups (n = 10) according to hemostatic agent (H) contamination, chlorhexidine (CHX) application, and the type of adhesive systems (Adper Single Bond and Clearfil SE Bond) used. After filling the cavities with resin composite, the root apices were sealed with utility wax. Furthermore, all the surfaces, except for the restorations and 1mm from the margins, were covered with two layers of nail varnish. The teeth were immersed in a 0.5% basic fuschin dye for 24 hours, rinsed, blot-dried and sectioned longitudinally through the center of the restorations bucco- lingualy. The sections were examined using a stereomicroscope and the extension of dye penetration was analyzed according to a non-parametric scale from 0 to 3. Statistical analysis was performed using Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney U-test. Results: While ASB group showed no micro-leakage in enamel, none of the groups showed complete elimination of micro-leakage from the dentin. Regarding micro- leakage at enamel, and dentin margins, there was no significant difference between groups 1 and 2, 1 and 3, and 2 and 3 (p > 0.05). A significantly lower micro-leakage at the enamel and dentin margins was observed in group 3, compared to group 6. No significant difference was observed between groups 4 and 5 in enamel (p = 0.35) and dentin (p = 0.34). Group 6 showed significantly higher micro-leakage, compared to group 4 and 5 (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Hemostatic agent contamination had no significant effect on micro- leakage of total- and self-etching adhesive systems. Application of chlorhexidine after the removal of hemostatic agent increased micro-leakage in self-etching adhesives but did not affect when total-etching was used

Cyclical Pressure Freeze Drying

A model for cyclical pressure freeze drying has been solved numerically and the results used to evaluate the effectiveness of the technique when compar. However, all the cyclical policies tried were inferior (although only slightly in some cases) to a near optimal constant pressure policy developed prev. © 1981

Molecular detection of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) Virus in tick species collected from livestock in Marvdasht, Fars province during 2012-2013

Background & aim: Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a potentially lethal systemic viral disease in human beings, which is transmitted by tick bites. In nature, the triggering virus is found in vertical and horizontal cycles between the tick vectors and different species of domestic and wild vertebrates which are circulated and maintained. The purpose of this study was to determine the viral infection were collected from livestock ticks in the Marvdasht, Iran. Methods: In this cross sectional study, samples were randomly selected from 6 villages near marvdasht. A total of two hundred ticks (hard and soft) from sheep, goats and cattle were collected and the related information was recorded. Ticks were sent to the laboratory under appropriate conditions of humidity and temperature. They were identified to species level using valid entomological keys. The identified ticks were transferred to the National Reference Laboratory for Arboviruses. The Ticks infections were analyzed by Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) to detect CCHF virus genome. Results: The results indicated that viral genotypes were present in at least 9 samples (4.5%) of the studied tick population. The infected ticks belonged to Hyalomma marginatum‚ Hyalomma anatolicum and Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Conclusion: Due to confirming the cycle of the virus, it can be mentioned that CCHF has recently emerged as an important public health problem in this region and systematic performance monitoring and control programs to reduce the livestock population, distribution, inform and educate high-risk occupations of vectors is required

Molecular detection of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus in ticks collected from infested livestock populations in a New Endemic Area, South of Iran

Objective: Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a viral zoonotic disease with potentially fatal systemic effects on man. We aimed to determine the presence of CCHF virus among collected ticks from domestic livestock from October 2012 to September 2013. Methods: A total of 1245 hard and soft ticks were collected from naturally infested ruminants in Marvdasht County, Fars Province, south of Iran. Nine tick species and one unidentified species in four disparate genera were detected. A total of 200 ticks were randomly selected and analysed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the presence of CCHF virus genome. Results: The viral genome was detected in 4.5 (9 samples) of the studied tick population. The infected ticks belonged to the species of Hyalomma marginatum' Hyalomma anatolicum and Rhipicephalus sanguineus. The viruses detected in these three tick species were clustered in the same lineage as Matin and SR3 strains in Pakistan and some other Iranian strains. These results indicate that the ticks were wildly infected with a genetically closely related CCHF virus in the region. Conclusion: Regular controls and monitoring of livestock to reduce the dispersion of ticks and providing information to those involved in high-risk occupations are urgently required. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd