Nature value: the evolution of this concept Valor da natureza: a evolução desse conceito

More attention has been paid to environmental matters in recent years, mainly due to the current scenario of accentuated environmental degradation. The economic valuation of nature goods can contribute to the decision-making process in environment management, generating a more comprehensive informational base. This paper aims to present, in a historic perspective, the different concepts attributed to nature goods and were related to the current predominant perspectives of nature analyses. For this purpose, this paper presents the different concepts attributed to value since the pre-classical period, when nature were viewed as inert and passive providers of goods and services, this view legitimized nature's exploration without concern over the preservation and conservation of nature. The capacity of nature to absorb the impact of human action appears to be reaching its limit, considering the irreversibility, the irreproducibility and the possibility of collapse. The appropriate method for valuing natural resources is not known, but more important than the method is to respect and incorporate the particular characteristics of the nature goods into this process. These characteristics must be valuated in order to arrive at a more consistence approach to nature value and promote sustainability.<br>Nos últimos anos, mais atenção tem sido dada às questões ambientais, principalmente decorrente do atual cenário de acentuada degradação. A avaliação econômica dos recursos naturais pode contribuir com o processo de tomada de decisão na gestão ambiental, gerando uma importante base de informações. Neste artigo, buscou-se apresentar, em uma perspectiva histórica, os diferentes conceitos atribuídos ao valor dos recursos naturais e como eles se relacionam às perspectivas atuais de análise ambiental. Com essa finalidade, foram apresentados os conceitos atribuídos ao valor desde o período pré-clássico, quando a natureza era vista como fornecedora inerte e passiva de produtos e serviços, visão que legitimou sua exploração, sem considerações quanto à sua preservação e conservação. A capacidade da natureza de absorver o impacto das ações humanas parece estar chegando ao seu limite, em razão da irreversibilidade, irreprodutibilidade e possibilidade de colapso. Não se conhece um método totalmente apropriado para se avaliar os recursos naturais, porém, mais importante seria respeitar e incorporar as características particulares dos recursos naturais nesse processo. Essas características devem ser valoradas, a fim de se chegar a uma aproximação mais consistente do valor da natureza e promover a sustentabilidade

Interpersonal perceptions and metaperceptions: Psychotherapeutic practice in the interexperiential realm.

This article aims to systematize and develop humanistic practice by considering the implications of adopting an experiential stance to working within the "interexperiential" realm: the interface between one person's experiences and those of another. Psychological theory and research are used to develop an understanding of how people perceive, and misperceive, others' experiences, and implications for practice are discussed, particularly the need to encourage clients to test out their assumptions about others' experiences and to communicate more transparently their own. The article then focuses on the issue of "metaperceptions"- how one person perceives another person as perceiving him or her and his or her experiences-and again argues that people often make significant errors in their judgments. Implications for practice are discussed, with a particular emphasis on using appropriate self-disclosure to deliberately challenge clients' metaperceptual errors. In the conclusion, the proposed interexperiential practices are presented as specific process-experiential tasks