Morphometric Analysis of Sexual Dimorphism in Penthicodes farinosus (Weber, 1801) (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) from Sarawak

The Penthicodes farinosus are strikingly coloured insects and can be found in India, Myanmar, Peninsular Malaysia, Java, Sumatra, Sulawesi, the Philippines, and Borneo. Despite their wide distributional range in Asia with a common occurrence in Borneo, morphometric investigation of P. farinosus is still lacking. The study is aimed to investigate the morphological variations of this species between two different sexes in Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo. Eleven morphometric characters were measured from 183 specimens (69 males and 114 females). The data were analysed using an independent t-test, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA). Sexual dimorphism index (SDI) was found ranging from 0.044 (LV) to 0.1008 (BTg) indicating females were larger than males. In PCA, cumulative variations of 59.9% were recorded from two principal components, showing higher loadings in the length of tegmen (LTg) and total length (TL). DFA revealed a single function that explains a canonical correlation of 0.895 with 100% variation. The Wilks’ Lambda values of 0.199 were highly supported with p<0.0001. The highest loadings for the model are LTg and TL. The two variables were further tested using Leave-One-Out Cross Validation (LOOVC) method which resulted in 97.2% cases being correctly classified as male or female. This suggests LTg and TL can be useful in separating both sexes of P. farinosus

PRELIMINARY CHECKLIST OF RHOPALOCERA (LEPIDOPTERA) IN LIBIKI BAMBOO RESORT, BAU, SARAWAK, MALAYSIA

A preliminary study was conducted on the diversity of Rhopalocera (lepidopterans) butterfly fauna present in secondary forest of Libiki Bamboo Resort (LBR), Bau, Sarawak, Malaysia, due to the anthropogenic effect of human disturbance. The objectives of this study are to establish with a preliminary checklist of Rhopalocera and their species diversity in the mentioned resort and recorded its conservation status. Furthermore, this study work was performed to narrow the gap of knowledge regarding the diversity of Rhopalocera in Bau area, as no survey had been conducted in LBR previously. Twenty baited traps (passive method) and five ariel nets (active method) were used to collect Rhopalocera. Baited traps were placed along the trail and set up 100 m from each other with pineapple as bait, where aerial nets were used during day time, once in the morning and once in the evening, with a total sampling effort of 240 hours. A total of 183 butterflies from six families (Hesperiidae, Lycaenidae, Nymphalidae, Papilionidae, Pieridae and Riodinidae) belonging to 63 species under 35 genera were successfully collected and recorded. The most abundance individuals collected and identified were from the family Nymphalidae (75.4%, n = 138), whereas family Hesperiidae was the least family collected (0.5%, n = 1). Based on International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List status, one species, Euploea mulciber was found to be a vulnerable species, while most of the species recorded were categorised as data deficient status (84.13%, 53 species). Hence, it is recommended to conduct multiple similar studies to provide more adequate information for a more accurate update on the conservation status of Rhopalocera species in Malaysia