Comparison of thyme, milk thistle and cape aloe essences on the growth of Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin B1 production

زمینه و هدف: آسپرژیلوس فلاووس (Aspergillus flavus) مهم ترین قارچ تولید کننده آفلاتوکسین B1 است. این توکسین می تواند از طریق زنجیره غذایی وارد بدن انسان شده و مسمومیت ایجاد ‌کند. این مطالعه با هدف بررسی اثر اسانس آویشن (Thymus vulgaris L.)، خارمریم (Silybum marianum L.) و صبر زرد (Aloe vera) بر رشد قارچ آسپرژیلوس فلاووس و تولید آفلاتوکسین B1 انجام شد. روش بررسی: در این مطالعه تجربی غلظت‌های صفر، 100، 200، 300 و 400 قسمت در میلیون (ppm) از اسانس گیاهان مورد مطالعه در چهار تکرار استفاده شدند. برای سنجش حداقل غلظت مهار کنندگی (MIC) و حداقل غلظت کشندگی (MFC) کلنی قارچ، از محیط کشت غنی (Yeast Extract Sucrose) استفاده شد. غلظت آفلاتوکسین B1 و اجزای عمده اسانس ها به ترتیب با استفاده از روش های کروماتوگرافی لایه نازک (TLC) و گاز کروماتوگرافی جرمی (GC-Mass) اندازه گیری شدند. یافته ها: مهمترین اجزای تشکیل دهنده اسانس های آویشن، خارمریم و آلوئه ورا به ترتیب کارواکرول، سیلی دیانین و گلوکومانان ها بودند. کمترین بازده تولید آفلاتوکسین B1 متعلق به غلظتppm 200 از اسانس آویشن بود، (001/0=P). در مقابل، بیشترین بازده تولید توکسین در تیمار حاوی ppm 100 اسانس آلوئه ورا مشاهده شد، (013/0=P). بدین ترتیب، حداقل غلظت مهار کنندگی اسانس آویشن ppm200 و حداقل غلظت کشندگی آن ppm400 برآورد شد. نتیجه گیری: هر سه اسانس آویشن، خارمریم و آلوئه ورا دارای اثر ضد قارچی بر روی آسپرژیلوس فلاووس بودند. احتمالاً ترکیبات فنولیک موجود در اسانس آویشن بیشترین فعالیت ضد قارچی را بر علیه تولید آفلاتوکسین B1 در مقایسه با دو اسانس دیگر موجب شده است. با توجه به نتایج بدست آمده به نظر می رسد، افزودن اسانس آویشن به مواد خوراکی می تواند از رشد قارچ و تولید آفلاتوکسین ممانعت کند

In Vivo Assessment of Gamma Rays, Electron-beam Irradiation plus a Commercial Toxin Binder (Milbond-TX) As an Anti-Aflatoxin B1 in a Chicken Model

Background: Aspergillus flavus is the most important fungus for production of Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). This study evaluated the ability of gamma rays (GRs) and electron-beam irradiation (EBI) to counteract the deleterious effects of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in a chicken model. Methods: Overall, 168 one-day-old male Coturnix quails were assigned to eight treatments for 42 d in Tehran, Iran, in 2010 and 2011. Two dietary inclusion rates of AFB1 (0 and 2 ppm) and toxin binders, such as 0, 27 kGy doses of GRs, 27 kGy doses of EBI, and 0.3% of commercial toxin binder-milbond-TX, were tested in a 2×4 factorial manner. Serum biochemical parameters, immune response, and dietary treatments on factors associated with kidney and lipid profiles were determined on day 42. Results: AFB1 significantly decreased the hematological parameters (Hematocrit in 21 and 42 d), immune response (White blood cell (WBC), heterophil to lymphocyte ratio (H/L) and sheep red blood cell (SRBC)), and blood chemical factors (glucose, albumin, total protein, and triglycerides) compared to the control diet (P<0.05). It also significantly increased the calcium, phosphorus, uric acid, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels (P<0.05). The addition of toxin binders, such as GRs, EBI, and milbond-TX, in the contaminated diets significantly diminished the inhibitory effects of dietary AFB1 (P<0.05) on the hematological parameters, immune response, blood chemical factors, and factors associated with kidney and lipids profile with no differences compared to the control diet. Conclusion: The addition of these toxin binders may reduce the adverse effects produced by the presence of AFB1 in Japanese quails’ diets

Protective Influence of Gamma Rays and Electron-Beam Irradiation with a Commercial Toxin Binder on Toxic Effects of Aflatoxin B1 in Japanese Quails

Background: This cross sectional study was conducted to evaluate the effect of γ-rays and electron-beam irradiation with a commercial toxin binder-milbond-TX on the performance, feed components, and meat quality of Japanese quails challenged with aflatoxin B1. Methods: Overall, 168 One-d-old chicks (Japanese quails) were allocated to eight treatments with three replicates based on a completely randomized design in a 2×4 factorial arrangement. Two levels of aflatoxin (Zero and 2 ppm) were considered as the essential factor. The secondary factor was involved in four levels (Control, 27 k Gy doses of γ-rays, electron-beam irradiation, and 0.3% commercial toxin binder-milbond-TX). Results: In vitro condition showed that experiment diets do not have any effect on meat quality and feed components such as malondialdehyde, protein, fat, ash, and the dry matter. However, the highest and the lowest levels of feed intake and body weight gain were observed in the 7th treatment (2-ppm aflatoxin B1 + electron-beam irradiation) and the 2nd treatment (2-ppm aflatoxin B1 alone), respectively in 1-15 and 29-42 days (P≤0.05). In addition, the highest liver weight (1.73), spleen (0.57) and bursa (0.18) were seen in the second treatment (2 ppm aflatoxin B1) alone (P≤0.05) at the age of 42 days. Conclusion: γ-rays and electron-beam irradiation plus commercial toxin binder-milbond-TX can be used for aflatoxin B1 absorption in poultry diets

Efficacy of Silybum Marianum Seeds in Ameliorating the Toxic Effects of Aflatoxin B1 in Broilers

Background: This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of silybum marianum seeds (SMSs) on blood biochemical profile of broiler chickens contaminated with Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). Methods: Combinations of three levels of AFB1 (0, 250 and 500 ppb) with three levels of SMSs (0, 0.5, and 1.0 %) were incorporated into the basal diet (corn and soybean meal). The effect of nine experimental treatments was assessed using 216 One-d-old Ross 308 male broiler chicks in a complete randomized design based on factorial design with 4 replicates of six birds. The individual effects of dietary AFB1 and SMSs on serum biochemistry factors and liver enzymes were evaluated at 35 days of age. Statistical package SAS (9.1) was used to perform the analysis. Results: The main effects of uric acid, glucose, total bilirubin and liver enzymes (such as; aspartate amino-transferase (AST), alanine amino-transaminase (ALT) and γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT)) in groups received different levels of AFB1 significantly increased (P<0.01). In contrast, albumin, direct bilirubin, calcium, and phosphorus significantly decreased (P<0.05). However, the SMSs supplemented diets significantly decreased uric acid, glucose, AST and GGT enzymes compare to control group (P<0.01). Conclusion: SMSs might prevent the adverse effects of AFB1 in contaminated food and improve safety and quality of poultry products for human use