3 research outputs found
Quantum Carrier Reinvestment-Induced Ultrahigh and Broadband Photocurrent Responses in GrapheneāSilicon Junctions
In an earlier work, we had reported a method that enables grapheneāsilicon junctions to display exceptionally high <i>photovoltaic</i> responses, exceeding 10<sup>7</sup> V/W. Using a completely different method that has recently been reported to result in ultrahigh gain, we now show that these junctions can also demonstrate giant <i>photocurrent</i> responsivities that can approach ā¼10<sup>7</sup> A/W. Together, these mechanisms enable grapheneāsilicon junctions to be a dual-mode, broad-band, scalable, CMOS-compatible, and tunable photodetector that can operate either in photovoltage or photocurrent modes with ultrahigh responsivity values. We present detailed validation of the underlying mechanism (which we call Quantum Carrier Reinvestment, or QCR) in grapheneāsilicon junctions. In addition to ultrasensitive photodetection, we present QCR photocurrent spectroscopy as a tool for investigating spectral recombination dynamics at extremely low incident powers, a topic of significant importance for optoelectronic applications. We show that such spectroscopic studies can also provide a direct measure of photon energy values associated with various allowed optical transitions in silicon, again an extremely useful technique that can in principle be extended to characterize electronic levels in arbitrary semiconductors or nanomaterials. We further show the significant impact that underlying substrates can have on photocurrents, using QCR-photocurrent mapping. Contrary to expectations, QCR-photocurrents in graphene on insulating SiO<sub>2</sub> substrates can be much higher than its intrinsic photocurrents, and even larger than QCR-photocurrents obtained in graphene overlaying semiconducting or metallic substrates. These results showcase the vital role of substrates in photocurrent measurements in graphene or potentially in other similar materials which have relatively high carrier mobility values
Large-Area Synthesis of Graphene on Palladium and Their Raman Spectroscopy
We present a detailed investigation of the nucleation
sites, growth,
and morphology of large-area graphene samples synthesized via chemical
vapor deposition (CVD) on bulk palladium substrates. The CVD chamber
was systematically controlled over a large range of growth temperatures
and durations, and the nature of graphene growth under these conditions
was thoroughly investigated using a combination of scanning electron
microscopy and a statistical analysis of >500 Raman spectra. Graphene
growth was found to initiate at ā¼825 Ā°C, above which the
growth rate increased rapidly. At <i>T</i> = 1000 Ā°C,
defect-free high-quality graphene was found to grow at an unprecedented
rate of tens of micrometers per second, orders of magnitude faster
than past reports on Cu- or Ni-based growth, thus leading to macroscopic
coverage of the substrate within seconds of growth initiation. By
arresting the growth at lower temperatures, we found that graphene
nanoislands preferred to nucleate at very specific positions close
to terrace edges and step inner edges. Evidence of both epitaxial
and self-limiting growth was found. Along with monolayer graphene,
both Bernal and turbostratic multilayer graphene could be obtained.
A detailed evolution of the different types of graphene, as a function
of both growth temperature and duration, has been presented. From
these, optimal growth conditions for any chosen type of graphene sample
can be inferred
Graphene as a Massless Electrode for Ultrahigh-Frequency Piezoelectric Nanoelectromechanical Systems
Designing āideal electrodesā
that simultaneously guarantee low mechanical damping and electrical
loss as well as high electromechanical coupling in ultralow-volume
piezoelectric nanomechanical structures can be considered to be a
key challenge in the NEMS field. We show that mechanically transferred
graphene, floating at van der Waals proximity, closely mimics āideal
electrodesā for ultrahigh frequency (0.2 GHz < <i>f</i><sub>0</sub> < 2.6 GHz) piezoelectric nanoelectromechanical resonators
with negligible mechanical mass and interfacial strain and perfect
radio frequency electric field confinement. These unique attributes
enable graphene-electrode-based piezoelectric nanoelectromechanical
resonators to operate at their theoretically āunloadedā
frequency-limits with significantly improved electromechanical performance
compared to metal-electrode counterparts, despite their reduced volumes.
This represents a spectacular trend inversion in the scaling of piezoelectric
electromechanical resonators, opening up new possibilities for the
implementation of nanoelectromechanical systems with unprecedented
performance