The inhibition curve of some organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides.

<p>The yeast with AChE expression were collected, re-suspended in PBS buffer and seeded in 96-well plate. After incubation with various concentrations of different pesticides, the remaining enzyme activities were determined. Error bars represent the standard deviation of mean values.</p

Primers used in this study.

<p>Primers used in this study.</p

The construction of plasmid pYES-DEST52.

<p>The construction of plasmid pYES-DEST52.</p

The identification of PCR constructs.

<p>The identification of PCR constructs.</p

Analysis of the growth of yeast and the induced expression of AChE in different culture conditions.

<p>After induction in SC (A) and YPD (B) medium with 1%, 2%, or 4% of galactose for different time periods, the OD₆₀₀ values of yeast suspension were determined. After induction in SC (C) and YPD (D) minimal medium with 1%, 2%, or 4% of galactose for different time periods, the cultures were harvested and the relative enzyme activity of induced AChE was determined. Error bars represent the standard deviation of mean values.</p

Surface Labeling of Enveloped Viruses Assisted by Host Cells

Labeling of virus opens new pathways for the understanding of viruses themselves and facilitates the utilization of viruses in modern biology, medicine, and materials. Based on the characteristic that viruses hijack their host cellular machineries to survive and reproduce themselves, a host-cell-assisted strategy is proposed to label enveloped viruses. By simply feeding Vero cells with commercial 1,2-dioleoyl-<i>sn</i>-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-<i>N</i>-(cap biotinyl) (sodium salt) (Biotin-Cap-PE), we obtained biotinylated Vero cells whose membrane systems were modified with biotin. Subsequently, pseudorabies viruses (PrV) were cultivated in the biotinylated Vero cells, and the PrV progenies were spontaneously labeled with Biotin-Cap-PE during viral natural assembly process. Since the viral natural assembly process was employed for the labeling, potential threats of genetic engineering and difficulties in keeping viral natural bioactivity were avoided. Importantly, this labeling strategy for enveloped virus greatly reduces the technical complexity and allows researchers from different backgrounds to apply it for their specified demands

Surface Labeling of Enveloped Viruses Assisted by Host Cells

Labeling of virus opens new pathways for the understanding of viruses themselves and facilitates the utilization of viruses in modern biology, medicine, and materials. Based on the characteristic that viruses hijack their host cellular machineries to survive and reproduce themselves, a host-cell-assisted strategy is proposed to label enveloped viruses. By simply feeding Vero cells with commercial 1,2-dioleoyl-<i>sn</i>-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-<i>N</i>-(cap biotinyl) (sodium salt) (Biotin-Cap-PE), we obtained biotinylated Vero cells whose membrane systems were modified with biotin. Subsequently, pseudorabies viruses (PrV) were cultivated in the biotinylated Vero cells, and the PrV progenies were spontaneously labeled with Biotin-Cap-PE during viral natural assembly process. Since the viral natural assembly process was employed for the labeling, potential threats of genetic engineering and difficulties in keeping viral natural bioactivity were avoided. Importantly, this labeling strategy for enveloped virus greatly reduces the technical complexity and allows researchers from different backgrounds to apply it for their specified demands