TULBURAREA METABOLICĂ SEVERĂ – CAUZĂ DE DECES LA UN SUGAR AVÂND O BOALĂ CRONICĂ

Hiperplazia congenitală suprarenală reprezintă o tulburare în sinteza steroizilor, cu transmitere autozomal recesivă şi cu prevalenţă mare în cazul copiilor proveniţi din relaţii de consangvinitate. Prezentăm cazul unui sugar de sex masculin, diagnosticat la vârsta de 2 luni cu sindrom de pierdere de sare şi hiperplazie congenitală suprarenală forma clasică fără semne de virilizare, alături de un review al datelor din literatura recentă legată de acest subiect. Diagnosticul a fost pus pe baza istoricului familial, a datelor clinice şi paraclinice. Prognosticul poate fi unul favorabil atât timp cât există complianţă la tratamentul de substituţie cu glucocorticoizi. Totodată, riscul de deces este ridicat prin crizele suprarenale şi dezechilibrul metabolic major

Impact of European vaccination policies on seasonal influenza vaccination coverage rates : An update seven years later

Publisher Copyright: © 2018, © 2018 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.Seasonal influenza can have serious morbid consequences and can even result in death, particularly in at-risk populations, including healthcare professionals (HCPs), elderly and those living with a medical risk condition. Although in Europe recommendations exist for annual influenza vaccination in these populations in most countries, the vaccination coverage rate (VCR) is often well below the World Health Organization target of 75% coverage. In our previous survey in 2009 we showed that some elements of national vaccination policies, e.g. reminder systems, strong official recommendation, and easy access, seemed to contribute to achieving higher influenza VCRs among elderly. We repeated the survey in 2016, using the same methodology to assess changes in influenza VCRs among the elderly and in the impact of policy elements on these VCRs. In addition, we collected information about VCRs among HCPs, and those living with a medical risk condition. The median VCR in the 21 countries that had recommendations for influenza vaccination in the elderly was 35.3%, ranging from 1.1% in Estonia to 74.5% in Scotland. The average VCRs for HCPs and those living with medical risk conditions, available in 17 and 10 countries, respectively, were 28.3% (range 7% in Czech Republic to 59.1% in Portugal) and 32.2% (range from 20.0% in the Czech Republic and Hungary to 59.6% in Portugal), respectively. Fewer countries were able to provide data from HCP and those living with medical risk conditions. Since the initial survey during the 2007–2008 influenza season, VCRs have decreased in the elderly in the majority of countries, thus, achieving high VCRs in the elderly and the other target groups is still a major public health challenge in Europe. This could be addressed by the identification, assessment and sharing of best practice for influenza vaccination policies.publishersversionPeer reviewe

Clinical and laboratory features of children with community-acquired pneumonia are associated with distinct radiographic presentations

Chest radiographs from children with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) were categorized into three distinct presentations and each presentation was correlated to clinical and laboratory findings. Children < 59 months with CAP presenting to pediatric emergency rooms during two years were enrolled prospectively in eight centers across Europe. Clinical and laboratory data were documented and radiographs obtained from patients. Of the 1107 enrolled patients, radiographs were characterized as 74.9% alveolar CAP, 8.9% non-alveolar CAP, and 16.3% clinical CAP. Alveolar CAP patients had significantly higher rates of fever (90.7%), vomiting (27.6%), and abdominal pain (18.6%), while non-alveolar CAP patients presented more with cough (96.9%). A model using independent parameters that characterize alveolar, non-alveolar, and clinical CAP demonstrated that alveolar CAP patients were significantly older (OR = 1.02) and had significantly lower oxygen saturation than non-alveolar CAP patients (OR = 0.54). Alveolar CAP patients had significantly higher mean WBC (17,760 ± 8539.68 cells/mm3) and ANC (11.5 ± 7.5 cells/mm3) than patients categorized as non-alveolar CAP (WBC 15,160 ± 5996 cells/mm3, ANC 9.2 ± 5.1 cells/mm3) and clinical CAP (WBC 13,180 ± 5892, ANC 7.3 ± 4.7). CONCLUSION: Alveolar CAP, non-alveolar CAP, and clinical CAP are distinct entities differing not only by chest radiographic appearance but also in clinical and laboratory characteristics. Alveolar CAP has unique characteristics, which suggest association with bacterial etiology

Lessons learnt after the introduction of the seven valent-pneumococcal conjugate vaccine toward broader spectrum conjugate vaccines

The 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) is currently being introduced in the vaccine schedule of over 90 countries around the world. After the introduction of the PCV7 vaccine in the United States, a reduction of more than 90% of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) was reported in vaccinated children under the age of 5 years. Similar findings were reported from other countries. A reduction in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) of > 40% has also been reported. In children under the age of 5 years, the number of primary medical visits and antibiotic usage for acute otitis media (AOM) decreased by more than 40%. In adults over 65 years of age a significant reduction of 90% in IPD caused by PCV7 serotypes was reported as well. However, after the introduction of PCV7 there were reports of increase of serotypes not included in the vaccine, such as serotype 19A in various Streptococcus pneumoniae-related diseases such as invasive disease, AOM and pneumonia. In addition, serotypes 1, 5, 7F and 19A were more prevalent in complicated cases of CAP. Recently, new vaccines covering additional serotypes such as the 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10) and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) were introduced, and are expected to reduce S. pneumoniae-related diseases furthermore

COLONIZAREA NAZOFARINGIANĂ CU STAFILOCOC AURIU LA NOU-NĂSCUT

Staphylococcus aureus este un agent patogen important în perioada neonatală. Infecţiile stafi lococice sunt responsabile de o rată crescută a morbidităţii şi mortalităţii în rândul nou-născuţilor. Studiul de faţă este unul retrospectiv pe o perioadă de 3 ani, pe un lot de 148 de nou-născuţi. A fost evaluată colonizarea nazofaringiană a acestor pacienţi împreună cu diferitele tipuri de tulpini bacteriene întâlnite. S-au făcut corelaţii cu datele demografi ce şi markerii de infl amaţie. Cel mai frecvent patogen care a colonizat nazofaringele a fost Staphylococcus aureus sensibil la meticilină (MSSA). Totodată au fost identifi cate şi tulpini de Staphylococcus aureus rezistente la meticilină (MRSA) asocite mai ales cu viaţa în mediul urban şi părinţii fumători. Nu a fost găsită nici o corelaţie semnificativă între colonizare şi vreun marker al inflamaţiei

Evidence for short duration of antibiotic treatment for non-severe community acquired pneumonia (CAP) in children - are we there yet? A systematic review of randomised controlled trials

Context: The ideal duration of antibiotic treatment for childhood community acquired pneumonia (CAP) has not yet been established. Objective: A literature search was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of shorter than 7 days duration of oral antibiotic treatment for childhood non-severe CAP. Data sources: A systematic literature search was performed using the PubMed database. The search was limited to randomised controlled trials (RCTs) conducted between January 1996 and May 2013 in children up to 18 years old. Search terms included pneumonia, treatment, duration, child, children, days, short, respiratory infection and non-severe (nonsevere). Study selection: Only RCTs of oral antibiotic treatment for non-severe CAP in children were included. Data extraction: Independent extraction of articles was done by 3 authors using a preformed questionnaire. Data synthesis: Eight articles meeting the selection criteria were identified: 7 from 2 developing countries (India and Pakistan), and 1 from a developed country (The Netherlands). Studies from developing countries used the World Health Organization clinical criteria for diagnosing CAP, which includes mainly tachypnoea. None of those studies included fever, chest radiography or any laboratory test in their case definition. The Dutch study case definition used laboratory tests and chest radiographies (x-rays) in addition to clinical criteria. Five articles concluded that 3 days of treatment are sufficient for non-severe childhood CAP, 2 articles found 5 days treatment to be sufficient, and one article found no difference between 3 days of amoxicillin treatment and placebo. Conclusions: The efficacy of short duration oral antibiotic treatment for non-severe CAP in children has not been established in developed countries. Current RCTs from developing countries used clinical criteria that may have failed to appropriately identify children with true bacterial pneumonia necessitating antibiotic treatment. More RCTs from developed countries with strict diagnostic criteria are needed to ascertain the efficacy of short duration oral antibiotic treatment for non-severe CAP in children.</p

Influenza vaccination: key facts for general practitioners in Europe—a synthesis by European experts based on national guidelines and best practices in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands

Currently there is no influenza vaccination guidance for European general practitioners. Furthermore, although the European Council recommends a target seasonal influenza vaccination rate of 75% in the elderly (65 years and above) and in anyone aged >6 months with a chronic medical condition, there remain wide discrepancies throughout Europe. A harmonised guideline regarding not only vaccination strategy but also for the consistent diagnosis of influenza across Europe is essential to support a common approach for the implementation of seasonal influenza vaccination across Europe. This document is based on pre-existing guidelines available in the UK and Netherlands and has been approved by a group of European experts for use throughout Europe. As well as providing a standardised influenza diagnosis, it also reviews the current recommendations for influenza vaccination, the types of vaccine available, the contraindications, vaccine use in special populations (in pregnancy, children, and in those with egg allergy), and concomitant administration with other vaccines. The effectiveness, safety, and timing of the seasonal influenza vaccine are also reviewed. A second section provides practical guidance for general practitioners for the implementation of a seasonal influenza vaccination program, including the selection and notification of those eligible for vaccination, as well as suggestions for the organisation of a vaccination programme. Finally, suggested responses to common patient misconceptions and frequently asked questions are included. The aim of this article is to harmonise the diagnosis of seasonal influenza and the approach of European general practitioners to seasonal influenza vaccination in order to better identify influenza outbreaks and to move towards reaching the target vaccination rate of 75% throughout Europe