Direcionamento das linhas de plantio em diferentes orientações cardeais e seus reflexos sobre a produtividade de cafeeiros.

Uma variação ambiental que provoca alterações na morfologia externa da planta de café se refere à localização das fileiras do café em relação a orientações dos pontos cardeais. Objetivou-se neste estudo avaliar a produtividade individual de cada lado de plantas de café implantadas em diferentes orientações cardeais buscando subsídios para otimizar o plantio direcionado e o manejo de lavoura em solo com topografia plana a suave ondulada. Observa-se de maneira geral que, independentemente do direcionamento das ruas de café em relação as orientações cardeais, a produtividade de café, no lado da planta que recebeu sol pela manhã, foi sempre maior que aquela apresentada pelo lado da planta que recebeu sol à tarde. Estas observações levam a concluir que os melhores direcionamentos de rua de café são no sentido leste-oeste e nordeste-sudoeste e que os dois lados da planta, relacionados com o posicionamento solar, comportam-se como se pertencessem a diferentes lavouras, já que os dois lados da planta apresentam diferenças na morfo-anatomia, na partição de carboidratos, na assimilação do CO2 e nas características hídricas a ponto de alterar o crescimento das plantas e sua produção

Biodiesel Processing Using Sodium and Potassium Geopolymer Powders as Heterogeneous Catalysts

This work investigates the catalytic activity of geopolymers produced using two different alkali components (sodium or potassium) and four treatment temperatures (110 to 700 \ub0C) for the methyl transesterification of soybean oil. The geopolymers were prepared with metakaolin as an aluminosilicate source and alkaline activating solutions containing either sodium or potassium in the same molar oxide proportions. The potassium-based formulation displayed a higher specific surface area and lower average pore size (28.64-62.54 m\ub2/g; 9 nm) than the sodium formulation (6.34-32.62 m\ub2/g; 17 nm). The reduction in specific surface area (SSA) after the heat treatment was more severe for the sodium formulation due to the higher thermal shrinkage. The catalytic activity of the geopolymer powders was compared under the same reactional conditions (70-75 \ub0C, 150% methanol excess, 4 h reaction) and same weight amounts (3% to oil). The differences in performance were attributed to the influences of sodium and potassium on the geopolymerization process and to the accessibility of the reactants to the catalytic sites. The Na-based geopolymers performed better, with FAME contents in the biodiesel phase of 85.1% and 89.9% for samples treated at 500 and 300 \ub0C, respectively. These results are competitive in comparison with most heterogeneous base catalysts reported in the literature, considering the very mild conditions of temperature, excess methanol and catalyst amount and the short time spent in reactions

Biópsia digital em equinos com lamite induzida por sobrecarga de carboidratos

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From microanalysis to supercontinents: insights from the Rio Apa Terrane into the Mesoproterozoic SW Amazonian Craton evolution during Rodinia assembly

First published: 10 November 2021Deciphering the tectono-metamorphic evolution of Precambrian terranes can be difficult due to reworking by later superimposed events. Whole-rock elemental and isotopic geochemistry and zircon U–Pb geochronology are often employed in those studies, but these approaches are often not sensitive to the presence of multiple events and medium-grade metamorphic episodes. The Rio Apa Terrane (RAT), an allochthonous fragment of the Amazonian Craton, is a crustal block with a well-characterized evolution but with no detailed thermal constraints for its tectono-metamorphic evolution. In contrast to previous studies, we show the existence of four tectono-metamorphic events at c. 1780 Ma, c. 1625 Ma, c. 1420- 1340 Ma and c. 1300-1200 Ma on the basis of apatite, titanite and rutile U–Pb–REE, in-situ white-mica Rb-Sr and in-situ garnet Lu-Hf geochronology combined with mineral chemistry and phase-equilibria modelling. The c. 1780 Ma event is recorded in the basement of the Western domain, representing an extensional event coeval with the development of its Eastern domain in response to the retreat stage of the accretionary system. This is followed by juxtaposition of the Western and Eastern domains along a major crustal boundary at ca. 1625 Ma, which is defined by the magnetic profiles and zircon U–Pb-Hf data across the boundary. The third and fourth events correspond to progressive high-pressure/medium temperature (HP/MT) metamorphism, characterized by an anticlockwise P-T path, suggesting a convergent-to-collisional tectonic setting. The RAT was accreted to the adjoining Paraguá Terrane at c. 1420-1340 Ma under an isobaric P-T evolution spanning ~530 to 600 °C and ~10.0 kbar. Subsequently, the combined Rio Apa and Paraguá terranes collided with the SW Amazonian Craton at c. 1300-1200 Ma, reaching P-T conditions of ~560-580 °C and ~10.9- 11.7 kbar during crustal thickening. This study reveals for the first time the existence of a HP/MT metamorphic evolution related to the growth of the SW Amazonian Craton as part of an accretionary orogenic system during Rodinia assembly in the Paleo- to Mesoproterozoic.Bruno V. Ribeiro, Melanie A. Finch, Peter A. Cawood, Frederico M. Faleiros, Timothy D. Murphy, Alexander Simpson, Stijn Glorie, Mahyra Tedeschi, Robin Armit, Vitor R. Barrot

Functional abdominal complaints in pre-school children: parental reports of health-related quality of life

Purpose The aim of this study is to assess the influence of functional abdominal complaints (FAC) on health-related quality of life in a group of Dutch pre-school children. Methods Parents of children aged up to 6.0 visiting the outpatient pediatric department, Erasmus MC-Sophia, Rotterdam, The Netherlands in the period January 2005-December 2006 for functional abdominal complaints during at least 3 months were asked to complete the Infant/Toddler Quality of life Questionnaire (ITQOL), and questions of the abdominal pain index for use by parents to report pain symptoms in pre-school children. ITQOL scale scores of children with FAC were compared against with Dutch reference values. The abdominal pain index was tested for internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Correlations between ITQOL scale scores and abdominal pain index were assessed by Spearman's rank test. Results Results are based on 81 questionnaires completed by parents of children with FAC (response rate 61%). Children had a median age of 46 months (interquartile range 27-59), 48% girls. A significant impact was observed on most aspects of quality of life, particularly for physical functioning, general development, bodily pain, temperament and moods, general health perceptions and parental emotional impact. Parents of children with functional constipation tended to report lower scores than those of children with other FAC. The abdominal pain index appeared to be valid and was significantly correlated with ITQOL scales bodily pain and general health perceptions. Conclusions A substantial lower health-related quality of life is reported in pre-school children with functional abdominal complaints, with effects on physical, emotional and parental domains. The 5-question severity index of abdominal pain appeared a valid tool and may be helpful to quickly assess the severity of abdominal pain in clinical practice

Budget impact analysis of medicines : updated systematic review and implications

This evaluation determines whether published studies to date meet the key characteristics identified for budget impact analyses (BIA) for medicines, accomplished through a systematic review and assessment against identified key characteristics. Studies from 2001 to 2015 on "budget impact analysis" with "drug" interventions were assessed, selected based on their titles/abstracts and full texts, with their characteristics checked according to key criteria. Out of 1984 studies, 92 were identified. Of these, 95% were published in Europe and the USA. 2012 saw the largest number of publications (16%) with a decline thereafter. 48% met up to 6 or 7 out of the 9 key characteristics. Only 22% stated no conflict of interest. The results indicate low adherence to the key characteristics that should be considered for BIAs and strong conflict of interest. This is an issue since BIAs can be of fundamental importance in managing the entry of new medicines including reimbursement decisions