Chicken faecal microbiota and disturbances induced by single or repeated therapy with tetracycline and streptomycin

BACKGROUND: In this study, we characterised the microbiota present in the faeces of 15- and 46-week-old egg laying hens before and after tetracycline or streptomycin therapy. In the first experiment, the layers were subjected to 7 days of therapy. In the second experiment, the hens were subjected to two days of therapy, which was repeated for an additional two days after 12 days of antibiotic withdrawal. This enabled us to characterise dynamics of the changes after antibiotic administration and withdrawal, and to identify genera repeatedly resistant to tetracycline and streptomycin. RESULTS: Real-time PCRs specific for Enterobacteriales, Lactobacillales, Clostridiales and Bifidobacteriales showed that changes in the microbiota in response to antibiotic therapy and antibiotic withdrawal were quite rapid and could be observed within 24 hours after the change in therapy status. Pyrosequencing of PCR amplified V3/V4 variable regions of 16S rRNA genes showed that representatives of the orders Clostridiales, Lactobacillales, Bacteroidales, Bifidobacteriales, Enterobacteriales, Erysipelotrichales, Coriobacteriales, Desulfovibrionales, Burkholderiales, Campylobacterales and Actinomycetales were detected in the faeces of hens prior to the antibiotic therapy. Tetracycline and streptomycin therapies decreased the prevalence of Bifidobacteriales, Bacteroidales, Clostridiales, Desulfovibrionales, Burkholderiales and Campylobacterales in faecal samples in both experiments. On the other hand, Enterobacteriales and Lactobacillales always increased in prevalence in response to both therapies. Within the latter two orders, Escherichia and Enterococcus were the genera prevalence of which increased after all the antibiotic treatments. CONCLUSIONS: The changes in microbiota composition induced by the antibiotic therapy were rapid and quite dramatic and only representatives of the genera Enterococcus and Escherichia increased in response to the therapy with both antibiotics in both experiments

Entrepreneurial orientation and the business performance of SMEs: a quantitative study from the Netherlands

Additional file 5. Macrophage proteins responding to in vivo infection with S. Enteritidis

Advanced database mining integrating sequence and structure bioinformatics with microfluidics challenges enzyme engineering

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Gating strategy for the characterization of cellular infiltrates in the spleen and for the sorting of leukocyte subpopulations.

<p>The leukocytes were gated based on the CD45 expression (P1) and only CD45+ cells were included in the sorting and analyses. Sorted populations were followed: CD4 T-lymphocytes (P4+P3), CD8+ T-lymphocytes (P5), γδ T-lymphocytes (P6), monocytes/macrophages (P7), B-lymphocytes (P8) and heterophils (P9).</p

Expression of IFNγ, IL17 and IL22 in sorted splenic leukocytes after intravenous <i>S.</i> Enteritidis challenge.

<p>Light blue columns - vaccinated and infected chickens 14 DPI, blue columns vaccinated and infected chickens 4 DPI, green columns – non-infected chickens, red columns non-vaccinated and infected chickens 4 DPI, pink columns - non-vaccinated and infected chickens 14 DPI. Table below – t-test comparison of biologically relevant groups, ni, non-infected chickens; vi4, vaccinated and infected and 4 days post challenge; ni4, non-vaccinated and infected & 4 days post challenge etc. ns – non-significant difference, * P<0.05, ** P<0.01, *** P<0.001.</p

Intravenous infection of chickens with <i>S.</i> Enteritidis.

<p>Panel A, <i>S.</i> Enteritidis counts in the spleens of vaccinated and non-vaccinated chickens, 4 and 14 days after intravenous challenge, respectively. Panel B, serological response to the infection. nv-ni, non-vaccinated and non-infected chickens; v-i-4, vaccinated and infected and 4 days post challenge; nv-i-4, non-vaccinated and infected and 4 days post challenge etc. Table below – t-test comparison of biological relevant groups, ni, non-infected chickens; vi4, vaccinated and infected and 4 days post challenge; ni4, non-vaccinated and infected and 4 days post challenge etc. ns – non-significant difference, * P<0.05, ** P<0.01, *** P<0.001.</p

Transcription of IFNγ and IL17 in T-lymphocytes of vaccinated or non-vaccinated chickens 4 days post intravenous challenge.

<p>A, B, C - individual chickens vaccinated or non-vaccinated chickens. The most right panel shows polarization towards IFNγ or IL17 transcription ratio in CD4 T-lymphocytes of vaccinated and non-vaccinated chickens, respectively. Squares, transcription of IL17 and triangles, transcription of IFNγ.</p

Expression of IL1, IL6, IL8 and IL18 in sorted splenic leukocytes after intravenous <i>S.</i> Enteritidis challenge.

<p>Light blue columns - vaccinated and infected chickens 14 DPI, blue columns vaccinated and infected chickens 4 DPI, green columns – non-infected chickens, red columns non-vaccinated and infected chickens 4 DPI, pink columns - non-vaccinated and infected chickens 14 DPI. Table below – t-test comparison of biologically relevant groups, ni, non-infected chickens; vi4, vaccinated and infected and 4 days post challenge; ni4, non-vaccinated and infected and 4 days post challenge etc. ns – non-significant difference, * P<0.05, ** P<0.01, *** P<0.001.</p

Relative representation of leukocyte subpopulations in the spleens of infected chickens 4 and 14 days post infection.

<p>Light blue columns - vaccinated and infected chickens 14 DPI, blue columns vaccinated and infected chickens 4 DPI, green columns – non-infected chickens, red columns non-vaccinated and infected chickens 4 DPI, pink columns - non-vaccinated and infected chickens 14 DPI. Table below – t-test comparison of biologically relevant groups, ni, non-infected chickens; vi4, vaccinated and infected and 4 days post challenge; ni4, non-vaccinated and infected and 4 days post challenge etc. ns – non-significant difference, * P<0.05, ** P<0.01, *** P<0.001.</p