Statistical Optimization of Process Variables for Biodiesel Production from Lagenaria Siceraria Seed Oil

Rising energy demand has led to progressive increase in the cost of fossil fuel globally. The exploration and exploitation of fossil fuel has led to depletion of oil reserves, moreover these fossil fuels are not only expensive but also has severe environmental consequences. Renewable and sustainable energy resources gained greater importance in the current situation to supplement and minimize the environmental pollution load and to compensate the energy demand worldwide. Biodiesel can be produced from myriad sources such as waste or virgin oil, algae, and animal fats. Optimization of process variables to produce biodiesel proves to be economic and effective way of producing biodiesel. In this study RSM based optimization was carried out using five-level, four-factorial central composite design in thirty (30) runs. Design expert version 6.0 was used for the study. The four processing variables under study are A: catalyst concentration, B: methanol to oil molar ratio, C: reaction time and D: temperature. The optimum conditions for maximum biodiesel (88.40%) was; methanol to oil molar ratio (9.07:1), reaction time (70.59min), reaction temperature (53.090C), and amount of catalyst (0.88). The regression equation obtained for the model having a coefficient of correlation (R2), and adjusted coefficient of correlation (R2adj) are “Pred R-Squared" of 0.927 is in reasonable agreement with the "Adj R-Squared" of 0.911. "Adeq Precision" measures the signal to noise ratio.  A ratio greater than 4 is desirable. Ratio of 13.200 reported for this work indicates an adequate signal

Chemical and Nutritional Composition of Selected Legumes Available in Kebbi State Nigeria

Legumes are important source of high-quality protein and oil, as well as other nutritious substances. The higher the content of these nutritious substances in a given legume the higher it’s quality. The mineral and proximate contents of the variety of legumes available in Mahuta town, were determined using standard procedures. The results showed that legume samples vary significantly (p < 0.05) in the chemical parameters evaluated. Soy beans and Ground nut had significantly high concentration of protein than Bambara nut. Equally, Bambara nut and Ground nut shows superiority in carbohydrate composition. Soy bean and Ground nut showed significantly higher concentration of mineral and abundance, while bambaranut had the lowest mineral and lipid contents. Hence, the selected legumes evaluated can serve as alternative protein sources with carbohydrate good minerals, and fibre

The Role of Science Education as a Tool for Promoting National Security for Sustainable Development in Nigeria.

Science education enables learner to acquire certain skills and own the proper kind of values and attitudes vital for nonviolent coexistence and resolution of some security problems in the society. This paper discuss how science education can serve as a tool for promoting National security, it also highlight some of the factors that causes insecurity and how science education can help resolve some of the challenges of national security in Nigeria. The paper concludes that for sustainable and long lasting security, it is imperative to employ scientific approach such as developing new security paradigm and protocols in fighting violent conflicts and tackle insecurity in the country. The paper also point out the need to provide moral leadership that shun evil, corruption, vices, inequity, injustice and wickedness as this will compel the people to model the character of their leaders and vice versa. Democratic system in place must also begin to deliver the needed social goods so as to improve the standard of living of Nigerians and deliver many citizens from the state of abject poverty to which they have been subjected for a long while

Causes of Low Academic Performance in Adamu Augie College of Education, Argungu Kebbi State

Abstract   The study was to find out the causes of low academic performance of students in Adamu Augie College of Education, Argungu in Kebbi State. The population of the study consisted of 400 students of Adamu Augie College of Education, Argungu out of which 120 were randomly selected. A structural questionnaire was used for data collection. The data collected from the respondents were analyzed using frequency counts and mean scores for all the research questions. The findings revealed that all variable factors are responsible for the low academic performance of students except the involvement of parents in the Parents Teachers Association (P.T.A). Based on these findings, the following recommendations are made: Teachers should employ various teaching strategies as well and the teaching must be from simple to complex for a better understanding of their students, Teachers should develop positive attitudes towards the students under his/her control to ensure effective learning and better performance of their students and Parents should give more attention and proper monitoring to their children education

Science Education: A Vital Tool for Promoting National Security for Sustainable Development

Science education enables learner to acquire certain skills and own the proper kind of values and attitudes vital for nonviolent coexistence and resolution of some security problems in the society. This paper discuss how science education can serve as a tool for promoting National security, it also highlight some of the factors that causes insecurity and how science education can help resolve some of the challenges of national security in Nigeria. The paper concludes that for sustainable and long lasting security, it is imperative to employ scientific approach such as developing new security paradigm and protocols in fighting violent conflicts and tackle insecurity in the country. The paper also point out the need to provide moral leadership that shun evil, corruption, vices, inequity, injustice and wickedness as this will compel the people to model the character of their leaders and vice versa. Democratic system in place must also begin to deliver the needed social goods so as to improve the standard of living of Nigerians and deliver many citizens from the state of abject poverty to which they have been subjected for a long whil

Chemical Profiling and Industrial Viability of Neem Seed Oil: A Comprehensive Study for Sustainable Biodiesel Production

The study explores the chemical composition of neem seed oil, highlighting its potential for commercial biodiesel production and various industrial applications. The oil, with a liquid state, pale greenish-yellow color, and pleasant odor, yielded 32.1%, surpassing industrially extracted oils like soybean and cottonseed. Factors influencing its composition include seasonal variations, geographical origin, genetic disparities, growth stages, plant segments, and postharvest processing. Despite these, neem seeds meet the required oil content percentage for large-scale industrial biodiesel production. However, challenges like high free fatty acid content and elevated acid values necessitate acid esterification before alkaline transesterification, potentially increasing production costs. The study also highlights the importance of appropriate seed processing practices to optimize oil yield and quality