Review of short term and long term performance of initial public offering

In today’s modern corporate world the concept of initial public offerings has gained much importance because it’s over and under performance can significantly affect the success of company. The current study aims at conducting a nonsystematic review of literature on the concept of initial public offering in order to understand its meaning and dimensions. In this regard a thorough review of existing literature has done and it has found that initial public offering concept has been explained by theorists in different ways. It meaning has significantly changed with changes in the business trends of corporate world. It was further found that over performance in short run and underperformance in the long run of initial public offering has remained mystified for the researchers although the performance of initial public offerings has significant effect on success or failure of a company. It is therefore concluded that the researchers should try to comprehend the conceptual nature and dimensions of initial public offering by examining its effects on the success of companies. In this way the companies in modern corporate world can ensure their success through effective utilization of initial public offerings

Modelling & Simulation of PV Module Connected with Three-Port DC Converter

Of the world’s electricity is being generated through conventional sources of energy like coal and atomic energy. People have realized the dire effect of using these fuels, and the amount of CO2 being released into the environment. There has been a shift in emphasis towards cleaner ways of generating electricity in recent years. Solar energy is abundantly available and the cleanest renewable energy source available in the world and is ready to use for a variety of applications, such as the generation of electricity for residential, commercial, or industrial consumption and have become very competitive solutions. It can be seen that there is trend of solar photovoltaics (PV), which has seen rapid growth over the years. The increasing trend of adopting PV system allows consumers to be known as producers or “Prosumers”. This report evaluates how solar PV can be used in combination with a battery bank along with three port converter to fulfill the requirement. Power production from PV cannot be consistent due to factors like the weather although The main benefits of solar power are that it can be easily installed cost of generation is low as there is no requirement for fuel and require very little maintenance Distributed maximum power point tracking (MPPT) and autonomous are achieved with the proposed configuration. The input-port of each TPC is connected to an independent PV energy source to achieve individual MPPT, and the output-ports of these TPCs are connected with load. Fully modular design is achieved by using Simulink/matlab

Boyd-Wong type functional contractions under locally transitive binary relation with applications to boundary value problems

The area of metric fixed point theory applied to relational metric spaces has received significant attention since the appearance of the relation-theoretic contraction principle. In recent times, a number of fixed point theorems addressing the various contractivity conditions in the relational metric space has been investigated. Such results are extremely advantageous in solving a variety of boundary value problems, matrix equations, and integral equations. This article offerred some fixed point results for a functional contractive mapping depending on a control function due to Boyd and Wong in a metric space endued with a local class of transitive relations. Our findings improved, developed, enhanced, combined and strengthened several fixed point theorems found in the literature. Several illustrative examples were delivered to argue for the reliability of our findings. To verify the relevance of our findings, we conveyed an existence and uniqueness theorem regarding the solution of a first-order boundary value problem

Comparative analyses of residential building efficiency for AC and DC distribution networks

The escalating prevalence of rooftop solar PVs and DC powered home appliances are the driving forces for the research in the field of DC distribution at residential level. The current research work presents comparative analyses of AC and DC distribution systems considering various scenarios for the specific purpose of efficiency/energy savings. A modern Bakersfield CA, USA home is considered for the analyses. The loads are classified according to the power demand. Rooftop solar PVs are also included in each residential building. Mathematical equations are devised for the efficiency analysis of residential buildings powered with AC as well as DC. The results reveal strong dependence of the efficiency values on the utilization/types of loads, efficiencies of the power electronic converters (PECs), solar capacity and seasonal conditions, as a function of the time of day. It is concluded that AC system presents better efficiency values as compared to the DC counterpart except during the time periods when solar power is available and when the penetration of variable speed drive (VSD) based loads is high

The Outcome of Minimally Invasive Percutaneous Transpedicular Screw Fixation (TPSF) in Thoracolumbar Spine Fractures

Background & Objective:  This study aimed to determine the outcome of percutaneous transpedicular screw fixation (TPSF) in patients with thoracolumbar fractures. Material & Methods:  A total of 157 patients with thoracolumbar fractures were included from the Department of Neurosurgery, LGH, PINS, Lahore. Patients were evaluated with plain X-rays, CT, and MRI scans. Neurological status was documented preoperatively and postoperatively. All patients were treated with Minimally Invasive Percutaneous Transpedicular screw fixation. Data for operative time and per-operative blood loss was obtained through the operative notes. The severity of postoperative pain and length of hospital stay were also documented. Results:  Out of 157 patients, 69.4% were male and 30.6% were female. The 141 (89.8%) were traumatic from road traffic accidents/falls, and 16 (10.2%) were pathologic. The 128 (81%) patients were discharged on the first day, 23(15%) were discharged on the second day, and 6(3.8%) on the third day. 79% of patients had a single level of spine fracture whereas, 20% had 2 spinal fracture levels. The average operative time for MIS percutaneous TPSF was 55 minutes. Postoperative pain was markedly reduced as compared to traditional open surgery and no patient had any new neurological deficit. The mean blood loss was 25 ml and none of the patients needed a postoperative blood transfusion. Conclusion:  Percutaneous transpedicular instrumentation is an ideal surgical approach for thoracolumbar spinal stabilization. Keywords:  Thoracolumbar Fractures, Percutaneous Transpedicular Screw Fixation, Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery, Road Traffic Accidents (RTA)

Comparison of Short Segment Percutaneous Transpedicular Fixation With and Without Inclusion of Fractured Vertebrae in Thoracolumbar Fractures

Objective:  To compare the outcome of SSPF (Short Segment Posterior Fixation) with and without the inclusion of fractured vertebrae in thoracolumbar fractures in terms of visual analog score and vertebral column stability. Materials and Methods:  The study enrolled 96 patients who were divided into two groups. Group A treated by SSPF (four screws: one level above and below the fracture), and Group B was treated by PSFFV (six screws: including fractured vertebrae). Assessment of parameters related to clinical and radiological aspects was recorded at 3 – 6 months. Results:  Mean ages of patients were 36.96 and 37.41 years with an M:F ratio of 1.8:1 and 1.4:1 in groups A (SSPF) and B (PSFFV), respectively. Mean VAS preoperatively, and postoperatively, at 3 and 6 months were 8.78 vs. 9.01, 4.98 vs. 5.01, 2.08 vs. 2.11, and 0.47 vs. 0.67 in groups A and B, respectively. Mean Kyphotic angle preoperatively, postoperatively, at 3 and 6 months were 21.76 vs. 22.91, 11.13 vs. 10.16, 13.59vs. 11.16 and 14.88 vs. 12.87 in groups A and B respectively. Mean AVH preoperatively, and postoperatively, at 3 and 6 months were 19.11 vs. 18.72, 20.01 vs. 22.71, 20.61 vs. 22.87, and 20.02 vs. 22.67 in groups A and B, respectively. Conclusion:  The results of this study favor PSFFV (Group B) over SSPF (Group A) in terms of vertebral column stability which was better achieved in PSFFV. PSFFV was also found superior with no implant failure which declares it safer and more effective than SSPF. None of the techniques was found superior in terms of pain. Radiologically, PSFFV, showed significant improvement in achieving anterior vertebral height, while there was no important distinction in kyphotic angle between the two

Trend of Mortality by Water Related Intestinal infectious Diseases: A Study of National Capital Territory of Delhi, (2001 to 2011)

National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi is experiencing rapid urbanization for the last few decades. The area is lagging behind in water and waste management infrastructure. This is due to the fact that Delhi is recording high growth rate of population mostly through in-migration over the year which is taxing much upon the existing water resources and the provisions made for water supply. Consequently demand is higher than supply of the safe drinking water. The consumption of unsafe drinking water is therefore increasing and is causing serious health problems among the fellow residents of NCT of Delhi. These health problems are basically related to the digestive as well as excretory systems of the human body. These disorders are promoting mortality particularly among those segments of population which do not have access to potable drinking water. This paper is therefore a modest attempt towards examining the population growth rate and the scenarios of demand and supply for potable water as well as the overall water related intestinal infections and related mortality at present and their future occurrence. This requires synergy between the different sectors of the state to overcome the problem. of intestinal infection diseases in the region

Outcome & Complications of Decompressive Craniectomy with Expansion Duroplasty in Severe Head Injury

Objective:  A descriptive case series was conducted to find the frequency of complications and complications of decompressive craniectomy with expansion duraplasty in severe head injury. Material and Methods:  189 patients fulfilling the selection criteria were included. All patients had TBI which was confirmed by CT scan. Surgery was performed on the day of admission under general anesthesia and a large trauma flap. Patients were monitored daily by evaluators from the date of surgery until hospital discharge or death. Patients were followed up for 3 months and the outcome was assessed using the Glasgow outcome scale (GOS). Results:  Mean age of the patients was 36.57 years. There were 61.4% (116) males and 38.6% (73) females. 3.7% had CSF leakage. 1.6% had meningitis. Wound infection was seen in 7.4% of patients. Forty percent had a favorable outcome and 60% had a poor outcome. Fifty patients out of 111 patients between 18 – 40 years showed good outcomes. Twenty-six out of 78 from the 41 – 60 years age group showed good outcomes. Out of 189 total, 76 patients had a good outcome. The outcome was good in 63 patients out of 148 patients with GCS 5 – 8, whereas 13 (out of 41) patients had a good outcome with GCS below 5. Conclusion:  We discovered that the result was good in 40% of patients, with 11 percent of complications recorded. Therefore, we concluded that decompressive craniectomy with expansion duraplasty is an effective procedure for the treatment of the severe head injury

Results of Resection of Giant Pituitary Adenomas through Endoscopic Endonasal Approach

Background/Objective:  A minimally invasive surgical method is in use to create endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery. Because of the intricate dissection of the sellar region, surgical treatment of large pituitary adenomas is challenging. The study focused to determine the frequency of complications after endonasal endoscopic transsphenoidal resection of giant pituitary macroadenomas. Materials and Methods:  A descriptive case series study was conducted at the Neurosurgical Department of Lahore General Hospital, Lahore. A total of 70 patients fulfilling the selection criteria were enrolled. Major vascular injury was noted when there is an injury to the internal carotid artery or cavernous sinus. After discharge, patients were followed-up in OPD for 3 months. After 3 months, patients were evaluated for CSF leak and vision. The presence of complications was recorded. During surgery, operative time was noted. Results:  Mean age of patients was 55.7 ± 6.5 years. 45.71% of patients were male while the remaining 54.29% of patients were female Total of 41.43% of patients had disease < 2 years, whereas the duration of surgery was ? 3 hours in 64.3% of patients. A total 15.71% had complications which included diabetes insipidus (8.57%), infections (5.71%), pituitary dysfunction (4.29%), CSF leak (2.8%) and vascular injury (1.43%). The mortality rate was 1.43%. Conclusion:  The complication rate after endonasal endoscopic transsphenoidal resection of giant pituitary macroadenomas was high. Keywords:  Endonasal Endoscopic, Transsphenoidal Resection, Pituitary Macroadenomas, Complication

The SARS Coronavirus 3a Protein Causes Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Induces Ligand-Independent Downregulation of the Type 1 Interferon Receptor

The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) is reported to cause apoptosis of infected cells and several of its proteins including the 3a accessory protein, are pro-apoptotic. Since the 3a protein localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi compartment, its role in causing ER stress was investigated in transiently transfected cells. Cells expressing the 3a proteins showed ER stress based on activation of genes for the ER chaperones GRP78 and GRP94. Since ER stress can cause differential modulation of the unfolded protein response (UPR), which includes the inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE-1), activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) and PKR-like ER kinase (PERK) pathways, these were individually tested in 3a-expressing cells. Only the PERK pathway was found to be activated in 3a-expressing cells based on (1) increased phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 alpha (eIF2α) and inhibitory effects of a dominant-negative form of eIF2α on GRP78 promoter activity, (2) increased translation of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) mRNA, and (3) ATF4-dependent activation of the C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) gene promoter. Activation of PERK affects innate immunity by suppression of type 1 interferon (IFN) signaling. The 3a protein was found to induce serine phosphorylation within the IFN alpha-receptor subunit 1 (IFNAR1) degradation motif and to increase IFNAR1 ubiquitination. Confocal microscopic analysis showed increased translocation of IFNAR1 into the lysosomal compartment and flow cytometry showed reduced levels of IFNAR1 in 3a-expressing cells. These results provide further mechanistic details of the pro-apoptotic effects of the SARS-CoV 3a protein, and suggest a potential role for it in attenuating interferon responses and innate immunity