Micelle-Enabled Palladium Catalysis for Convenient sp²‑sp³ Coupling of Nitroalkanes with Aryl Bromides in Water Under Mild Conditions

The efficacy of custom surfactant FI-750-M, designed to mimic polar solvents such as DMF and 1,4-dioxane, has been demonstrated with the palladium-catalyzed sp²-sp³ coupling of nitroalkanes to aryl bromides using a heteroleptic palladium catalyst under unprecedentedly mild conditions. Optimized reaction conditions mostly provided good yields up to gram scale, with high selectivity and functional group tolerance for a wide scope of aryl bromides. Use of surfactant FI-750-M makes water the gross reaction medium and enables in-flask recycling. The behavior of the surfactant has been elucidated with DLS and cryo-TEM measurements, and mechanistic investigations have revealed the importance of the π-allyl ligand in the catalytic cycle

Summary table of mixed repeated measures ANCOVA showing main effect of group, time and group x time interaction for adherence, CD4 count, viral load and weight.

<p>Summary table of mixed repeated measures ANCOVA showing main effect of group, time and group x time interaction for adherence, CD4 count, viral load and weight.</p

Summary table of 2-way repeated measures ANOVA showing main effect of group, time and group x time interaction for adherence, CD4 count, viral load and weight.

<p>Summary table of 2-way repeated measures ANOVA showing main effect of group, time and group x time interaction for adherence, CD4 count, viral load and weight.</p

Baseline socio-demographic characteristics of respondents.

<p>Baseline socio-demographic characteristics of respondents.</p

Average correct identification of the blood parasites surveys for all sites.

<p>Average correct identification of the blood parasites surveys for all sites.</p

PT Performance in 2009–2010 for all centers.

<p>PT Performance in 2009–2010 for all centers.</p

Performance by Center for 2009 and 2010 for blood parasites, chemistry and hematology.

<p>Performance by Center for 2009 and 2010 for blood parasites, chemistry and hematology.</p

PT error rates in 2009–2010 for all centers.

<p>PT error rates in 2009–2010 for all centers.</p

Classification of errors.

<p>Classification of errors.</p

Comparison of proportion of errors due to each type of error for unsatisfactory results at study centers in 2009, 2010, and US averages according to CAP data.

<p>Comparison of proportion of errors due to each type of error for unsatisfactory results at study centers in 2009, 2010, and US averages according to CAP data.</p