Sex assignment in conditions affecting sex development

The newborn infant with atypical genitalia presents a challenging clinical scenario and requires expert input. There have been appreciable advances in our knowledge of the underlying causes that may lead to a mere difference or a more serious disorder of sex development (DSD), the natural history of conditions, as well as the short and long-term complications of these conditions themselves, together with the clinical interventions that are associated with these conditions. With this information, the DSD expert can be more confident when discussing options with the parents of the newborn infant. By working within a multidisciplinary team, the expert should be able to support the family whilst individualising the management plan so that it is also cognizant of the shifts in societal attitudes and expectations around concepts of diversity and openness. It is, therefore, likely that the practice of assigning sex, especially in those cases where sex assignment is unclear on expert assessment, will continue to show temporal, social and geographical variations. It is imperative that clinical data for rare conditions such as these are collected in a standardized format and shared through a common registry so that any evidence that is used for future shifts in practice has a stronger foundation than that which is currently available

Disorders of sex development: challenges for the future

No abstract available

Genomic and non-genomic effects of androgens in the cardiovascular system: clinical implications

The principle steroidal androgens are testosterone and its metabolite 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), which is converted from testosterone by the enzyme 5α-reductase. Through the classic pathway with androgens crossing the plasma membrane and binding to the androgen receptor (AR) or via mechanisms independent of the ligand-dependent transactivation function of nuclear receptors, testosterone induces genomic and non-genomic effects respectively. AR is widely distributed in several tissues, including vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Androgens are essential for many developmental and physiological processes, especially in male reproductive tissues. It is now clear that androgens have multiple actions besides sex differentiation and sexual maturation and that many physiological systems are influenced by androgens, including regulation of cardiovascular function [nitric oxide (NO) release, Ca2+ mobilization, vascular apoptosis, hypertrophy, calcification, senescence and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation]. This review focuses on evidence indicating that interplay between genomic and non-genomic actions of testosterone may influence cardiovascular function

Removing of heavymetals from water by chitosan nanoparticles

Chitosan was prepared by deacetylation of chitin. The prepared chitosan has characterized bymolecular weight, degree of deacetylation, and ash %. Chitosan nanoparticles were prepared byionotropic gelation of chitosan with tripolyphosphate anions. The structure and particle size of chitosan nanoparticles have confirmed via FTIR analysis and TEM imaging.The chitosan nanoparticles were used in water treatment to remove metal ions from sample contains 20 ppm from each Fe+2, Mn+2, Zn+2 and Cu+2.The optimum conditions for this study were at 2 g/l of chitosan nanoparticles, pH 7 and 30 min of mixing time. Chitosan showed the highest performance under these conditions with removing percent 99.94% 80.85% 90.49% and 95.93% from Fe+2, Mn+2, Zn+2 and Cu+2 respectively

Development of plasma-sprayed molybdenum carbide-based anode layers with various metal oxides for SOFC.

Air plasma-sprayed (APS) coatings provide an ability to deposit a range of novel fuel cell materials at competitive costs. This work develops three separate types of composite anodes (Mo-Mo2C/Al2O3, Mo-Mo2C/ZrO2, Mo-Mo2C/TiO2) using a combination of APS process parameters on Hastelloy®X for application in intermediate temperature proton-conducting solid oxide fuel cells. Commercially available carbide of molybdenum powder catalyst (Mo-Mo2C) and three metal oxides (Al2O3, ZrO2, TiO2) was used to prepare three separate composite feedstock powders to fabricate three different anodes. Each of the modified composition anode feedstock powders included a stoichiometric weight ratio of 0.8:0.2. The coatings were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, nanoindentation, and conductivity. We report herein that three optimized anode layers of thicknesses between 200 and 300µm and porosity as high as 20% for Mo-Mo2C/Al2O3 (250-µm thick) and Mo-Mo2C/TiO2 (300µm thick) and 17% for Mo-Mo2C/ZrO2 (220-µm thick), controllable by a selection of the APS process parameters with no addition of sacrificial pore-forming material. The nanohardness results indicate the upper layers of the coatings have higher values than the subsurface layers in coatings with some effect of the deposition on the substrate. Mo-Mo2C/ZrO2 shows high electrical conductivity

Removing of heavymetals from water by chitosan nanoparticles

Chitosan was prepared by deacetylation of chitin. The prepared chitosan has characterized bymolecular weight, degree of deacetylation, and ash %. Chitosan nanoparticles were prepared byionotropic gelation of chitosan with tripolyphosphate anions. The structure and particle size of chitosan nanoparticles have confirmed via FTIR analysis and TEM imaging.The chitosan nanoparticles were used in water treatment to remove metal ions from sample contains 20 ppm from each Fe+2, Mn+2, Zn+2 and Cu+2.The optimum conditions for this study were at 2 g/l of chitosan nanoparticles, pH 7 and 30 min of mixing time. Chitosan showed the highest performance under these conditions with removing percent 99.94% 80.85% 90.49% and 95.93% from Fe+2, Mn+2, Zn+2 and Cu+2 respectively

Suppressor of cytokine signaling 2 (SOCS2) deletion protects bone health of mice with DSS induced inflammatory bowel disease.

Individuals with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) often present with poor bone health. The development of targeted therapies for this bone loss requires a fuller understanding of the underlying cellular mechanisms. Although bone loss in IBD is multifactorial the altered sensitivity and secretion of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in IBD is understood to be a critical contributing mechanism. The expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling 2 (SOCS2), a well-established negative regulator of GH signaling, is stimulated by pro-inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, it is likely that SOCS2 expression represents a critical mediator through which pro-inflammatory cytokines inhibit GH/IGF-1 signaling and decrease bone quality in IBD. Utilising the DSS model of colitis we have revealed that endogenously elevated GH function in the Socs2−/− mouse protects the skeleton from osteopenia. Micro-computed tomography assessment of DSS treated wild-type mice revealed a worsened trabecular architecture compared to control mice. Specifically, DSS treated WT mice had significantly decreased bone volume (BV/TV) (41%; p<0.05), trabecular thickness (16%; p<0.05), trabecular number (30%; p<0.05), and a resulting increase in trabecular separation (19%; <0.05). In comparison, the trabecular bone of Socs2 deficient mice was partially protected from the adverse effects of DSS. The reduction in a number of parameters including BV/TV (21%; p<0.05) was less, and no changes were observed in trabecular thickness or separation. This protected phenotype was unlikely to be a consequence of improved mucosal health in the DSS treated Socs2−/− mice but rather a result of unregulated GH signaling directly on bone. These studies indicate that the absence of SOCS2 is protective against bone loss typical of IBD. This study also provides an improved understanding of the relative effects of GH/IGF-1 on bone health in experimental colitis, information that is essential before these drugs are explored as bone protective agents in children and adults with IBD

Cardiac disorders and structural brain abnormalities are commonly associated with hypospadias in children with neurodevelopmental disorders

Ther objective of our study was to use an established cohort of boys to investigate common patterns of malformations in those with hypospadias. We performed a retrospective review of the phenotype of participants in the Deciphering Developmental Disorders Study with neurodevelopmental delay and an 'Abnormality of the genital system'. This group was divided into two subgroups: those with hypospadias and without hypospadias. Associated phenotypes of the two subgroups were compared and analysed. Of the 166 Deciphering Developmental Disorders participants with hypospadias and neurodevelopmental delay, 47 (28%) had cardiovascular and 40 (24%) had structural brain abnormalities. The rate of cardiovascular abnormalities in those with neurodevelopmental delay and genital abnormalities other than hypospadias (N = 645) was lower at 19% (P = 0.001). In addition, structural brain malformations were higher at 24% in the hypospadias group versus 15% in the group without hypospadias (P = 0.002). The constellation of these features occured at a higher rate in the hypospadias group versus the no hypospadias group (P = 0.038). In summary, this is the first study to indicate that cardiovascular and brain abnormalities are frequently encountered in association with hypospadias in children with neurodevelopmental disorders. Not only do these associations provide insight into the underlying aetiology but also they highlight the multisystem involvement in conditions with hypospadias