The total proportion of household contacts with definite <i>V. cholerae</i> infection by age group.

<p>The red-hatched area indicates those with symptomatic infection, the blue-hatched area indicates those with asymptomatic infection. The associated curves represent the predicted likelihood of developing infection by age based on logistic regression modeling. <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000221#pntd-0000221-g001" target="_blank">Figure 1A</a> shows the likelihood of <i>V. cholerae</i> O1 infection by age bound in deciles (P for predicted model <0.0001). 1B shows the likelihood of developing <i>V. cholerae</i> O139 infection according to age bound in quintiles (P for predicted model = 0.6).</p

Outcomes in 944 Household Contacts Completing 21 Days of Follow-up

a<p>Our primary analysis compared household contacts with definite infection, defined a positive rectal swab culture during the 21 days of follow-up, with those with no evidence of infection.</p

A multivariate logistic regression model of predictors of protection from infection with <i>V. cholerae</i> O1 El Tor in household contacts

a<p>Per year of increasing age.</p>b<p>Per each doubling of antibody titer.</p

Diarrheal Illness and Healthcare Seeking Behavior among a Population at High Risk for Diarrhea in Dhaka, Bangladesh

<div><p>Diarrhea remains one of the major causes of death in Bangladesh. We studied diarrheal disease risk and healthcare seeking behavior among populations at high risk for diarrhea in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Data were obtained from a cross-sectional survey conducted during April and September 2010. The prevalence of diarrhea was calculated by age-group and sex. A generalized estimating equation with logit link function was used to predict diarrheal disease risk and seeking care from a professional healthcare provider. Of 316,766 individuals, 10% were young children (<5 years). The prevalence of diarrhea was 16 per 1000 persons among all ages; young children accounted for 44 per 1000 persons. Prevalence of diarrhea was significantly higher (p=.003) among younger males (<15 years) compared to that among younger females. In contrast, prevalence of diarrhea was significantly higher (p<.0001) among older females (≥15 years) compared to that among older males. An increased risk for diarrhea was observed in young children, males, and those staying in rented houses, lower family members in the house, using non-sanitary toilets, living in the area for short times, living in a community with less educated persons, living in a community with less use of safe water source for drinking, or living close to the hospital. About 80% of those with diarrhea sought care initially from a non-professional healthcare provider. Choice of the professional healthcare provider was driven by age of the patient, educational status of the household head, and hygienic practices by the household. The study reaffirms that young children are at greater risk for diarrhea. Like other developing countries most people in this impoverished setting of Dhaka are less likely to seek care from a professional healthcare provider than from a non-professional healthcare provider, which could be attributed to a higher number of diarrheal deaths among young children in Bangladesh. Dissemination of information on health education, increasing the supply of skilled healthcare providers, and low-cost and quality healthcare services may encourage more people to seek care from professional healthcare providers, thus may help reduce child mortality in the country. Further studies are warranted to validate the results.</p></div

Other non-immunologic predictors of susceptibility to infection with <i>V. cholerae</i> O1 El Tor in household contacts

a<p>Compared to household contacts that were not first degree relatives.</p

Predictors of the diarrheal illness among a high risk population in Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2010.

<p>* Odds ratio for the cited variable, adjusted for household level clustering as well as all other variables in the table, calculated in a model using Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) with the logit link function.</p><p>Predictors of the diarrheal illness among a high risk population in Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2010.</p

Immunologic correlates of protection from infection with <i>V. cholerae</i> in household contacts

a<p>Baseline measurements are shown as log₂ transformed antibody titer (vibriocidal) or relative kinetic ELISA values. The standard error of each mean is noted in parentheses.</p>b<p>Adjusted only for clustering by household.</p

Predictors of seeking care from professional healthcare providers among high risk population for diarrhea in Dhaka, Bangladesh.

<p>* Odds ratio for the cited variable, adjusted for household level clustering as well as all other variables in the table, calculated in a model using Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) with the logit link function.</p><p>Predictors of seeking care from professional healthcare providers among high risk population for diarrhea in Dhaka, Bangladesh.</p

The study area and the catchment area hospitals in Dhaka, Bangladesh.

<p>The study area and the catchment area hospitals in Dhaka, Bangladesh.</p

Comparison of individual and household level characteristics between those who 'reported diarrhea' and those who presumably did not have diarrhea.

<p>Note, number and percentage (in parenthesis) are shown or the binary variables and mean and standard deviation (in parenthesis) are shown for the continuous variables. Missing values were addressed in these calculations.</p><p>*The p-values were derived using generalized estimating equation after adjusted for household level clustering.</p><p>Comparison of individual and household level characteristics between those who 'reported diarrhea' and those who presumably did not have diarrhea.</p