Purification, biochemical properties and substrate specificity of a catechol 1,2-dioxygenase from a phenol degrading Acinetobacter radioresistens

AbstractA catechol 1,2-dioxygenase (C1,2O) has been purified to homogeneity from Acinetobacter radioresistens grown on phenol as the sole carbon and energy source. The C1,2O appears to be a homodimer, with a molecular mass of 78 000 Da. At relatively high ionic strengths (0.5 M Na2SO4) subunit dissociation occurs and the monomeric unit (38 700 Da) is shown to be active. This phenomenon has never been observed before in dioxygenases. The purified C1,2O contains 0.96 iron(III) ions per unit and spectroscopic measurements suggest the presence of one high-spin iron(III) ion in an environment characteristic of intradiol cleaving enzymes. The NH2-terminal amino acid sequence has been determined and compared to the primary structures of intradiol rings cleaving dioxygenases from other Acinetobacter strains revealing 45% homology with the benzoate-grown A. calcoaceticus ADP-1 and an identity of only one of the 20 amino acids sequenced for the phenol-grown A. calcoaceticus NCIB 8250

Carbonic Anhydrase Activators. Part 191 Spectroscopic and Kinetic Investigations for the Interaction of Isozymes I and II With Primary Amines

The interactions of Zn(II)- and Co(II)-substituted carbonic anhydrase (CA) isozymes I and II with amine type activators such as histamine, serotonin, phenetylamine dopamine and benzylhydrazine have been investigated kinetically, and spectroscopically. All of such activators are of the non-competitive type towards CO2 hydration and 4-nitrophenylacetate hydrolysis for both human isozymes (HCA I and HCA II). The electronic spectra of the adducts of Co(II)CA with amine activators are similar to the spectrum of the previously reported Co(II)CAII-phenol adduct, the only known competitive inhibitor towards CO2 hydration, where the phenol molecule binds into the hydrophobic pocket of the active site. This is a direct spectroscopic evidence that the activator molecules bind within the active site, but not directly to the metal ion. Recent X-ray crystallographic data for the adduct of HCA II with histamine show that the activator molecule is bound at the entrance of the active site cavity, near to residues His 64, Asn 62 and Gln 92, where actively aids in shuttling protons between the active site and the environment. Similar arrangements probably occur for the other activators reported in the present paper

Complexes With Biologically Active Ligands. Part 91 Metal Complexes of 5-Benzoylamino- and 5-(3-Nitrobenzoyl-Amino)-1,3,4-Thiadiazole-2-Sulfonamide as Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors

Complexes containing the anions of 5-benzoylamido-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-sulfonamide and 5-(3-nitro-benzoylamido)-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-sulfonamid as ligands, and V(IV); Cr(III); Fe(III); Co(II); Ni(II); Cu(II) and Ag(I) were synthesized and characterized by standard procedures (elemental analysis; IR, electronic, and EPR spectroscopy; TG, magnetic and conductimetric measurements). The original sulfonamides and their metal complexes are strong inhibitors of two carbonic anhydrase (CA) isozymes, CA I and II

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors. Part 551 Metal Complexes of 1,3,4-Thiadiazole-2-Sulfonamide Derivatives: In Vitro Inhibition Studies With Carbonic Anhydrase Isozymes I, II and IV

Coordination compounds of 5-chloroacetamido-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-sulfonamide (Hcaz) with V(IV), Cr(lll), Fe(ll), Co(ll), Ni(ll) and Cu(ll) have been prepared and characterized by standard procedures (spectroscopic, magnetic, EPR, thermogravimetric and conductimetric measurements). Some of these compounds showed very good in vitro inhibitory properties against three physiologically relevant carbonic anhydrase (CA)isozymes, i.e., CA I, II, and IV. The differences between these isozymes in susceptibility to inhibition by these metal complexes is discussed in relationship to the characteristic features of their active sites, and is rationalized in terms useful for developing isozyme-specific CA inhibitors

Carbonic Anhydrase Interaction With Lipothioars Enites: A Novel Class of Isozymes I and II Inhibitors

The interaction of carbonic anhydrase (CA) isozymes I and II with a series of As(III) derivatives, dialkyl and diaryl rac-2,3-dimyristoyloxypropyldithioarsonites, was investigated kinetically and spectrophotometrically, utilizing the native and Co(II)-substituted enzymes. Depending on the substitution pattern at the -As(SR)2 moiety of the investigated derivatives, inactive compounds were found for R = phenyl or naphthyl, and active ones for derivatives containing carboxyl groups (R = CH2COOH, cysteinyl and glutathionyl). Together with the arsonolipids previously investigated, the active compounds of this series - the "lipothioarsenites"- constitute a novel class of CA inhibitors that bind to the metal ion within the enzyme active site, as proved by changes in the electronic spectra of adducts of such inhibitors with Co(II)CA

Crystal Structure of 4-Chlorocatechol 1,2-Dioxygenase from the Chlorophenol-utilizing Gram-positive Rhodococcus opacus 1CP

The crystal structure of the 4-chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase from the Gram-positive bacterium Rhodococcus opacus (erythropolis) 1CP, a Fe(III) ion-containing enzyme involved in the aerobic biodegradation of chloroaromatic compounds, has been solved by multiple wavelength anomalous dispersion using the weak anomalous signal of the two catalytic irons (1 Fe/257 amino acids) and refined at a 2.5 A resolution (R(free) 28.7%; R factor 21.4%). The analysis of the structure and its comparison with the structure of catechol 1,2-dioxygenase from Acinetobacter calcoaceticus ADP1 (Ac 1,2-CTD) highlight significant differences between these enzymes. The general topology of the present enzyme comprises two catalytic domains (one for each subunit) related by a noncrystallographic 2-fold axis and separated by a common alpha-helical zipper motif consisting of five N-terminal helices from each subunit; furthermore the C-terminal tail is shortened significantly with respect to the known Ac 1,2-CTD. The presence of two phospholipids binding in a hydrophobic tunnel along the dimer axis is shown here to be a common feature for this class of enzyme. The active site cavity presents several dissimilarities with respect to the known catechol-cleaving enzyme. The catalytic nonheme iron(III) ion is bound to the side chains of Tyr-134, Tyr-169, His-194, and His-196, and a cocrystallized benzoate ion, bound to the metal center, reveals details on a novel mode of binding of bidentate inhibitors and a distinctive hydrogen bond network with the surrounding ligands. Among the amino acid residues expected to interact with substrates, several are different from the corresponding analogs of Ac 1,2-CTD: Asp-52, Ala-53, Gly-76, Phe-78, and Cys-224; in addition, regions of largely conserved amino acid residues in the catalytic cleft show different shapes resulting from several substantial backbone and side chain shifts. The present structure is the first of intradiol dioxygenases that specifically catalyze the cleavage of chlorocatechols, key intermediates in the aerobic catabolism of toxic chloroaromatics

Complexes With Biologically Active Ligands. Part 111. Synthesis and Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitory Activity of Metal Complexes of 4,5-Disubstituted-3-Mercapto-1,2,4-Triazole Derivatives

Complexes containing five 4,5-disubstituted-3-mercapto-1,2,4-triazoles and Zn(II), Hg(II) and Cu(I) were synthesized and characterized by standard procedures (elemental analysis; IR, electronic and NMR spectroscopy, conductimetry and TG analysis). Both the thione as well as the thiolate forms of the ligands were evidenced to interact with the metal ions in the prepared complexes. The original mercaptans and their metal complexes behave as inhibitors of three carbonic anhydrase (CA) isozymes, CA I, II and IV, but did not lower intraocular pressure in rabbits in animal models of glaucoma

Crystal structure of a blue laccase from Lentinus tigrinus: evidences for intermediates in the molecular oxygen reductive splitting by multicopper oxidases

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Laccases belong to multicopper oxidases, a widespread class of enzymes implicated in many oxidative functions in pathogenesis, immunogenesis and morphogenesis of organisms and in the metabolic turnover of complex organic substances. They catalyze the coupling between the four one-electron oxidations of a broad range of substrates with the four-electron reduction of dioxygen to water. These catalytic processes are made possible by the contemporaneous presence of at least four copper ion sites, classified according to their spectroscopic properties: one type 1 (T1) site where the electrons from the reducing substrates are accepted, one type 2 (T2), and a coupled binuclear type 3 pair (T3) which are assembled in a T2/T3 trinuclear cluster where the electrons are transferred to perform the O₂reduction to H₂O.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The structure of a laccase from the white-rot fungus <it>Lentinus (Panus) tigrinus</it>, a glycoenzyme involved in lignin biodegradation, was solved at 1.5 Å. It reveals a asymmetric unit containing two laccase molecules (A and B). The progressive reduction of the copper ions centers obtained by the long-term exposure of the crystals to the high-intensity X-ray synchrotron beam radiation under aerobic conditions and high pH allowed us to detect two sequential intermediates in the molecular oxygen reduction pathway: the "peroxide" and the "native" intermediates, previously hypothesized through spectroscopic, kinetic and molecular mechanics studies. Specifically the electron-density maps revealed the presence of an end-on bridging, μ-η₁:η₁peroxide ion between the two T3 coppers in molecule B, result of a two-electrons reduction, whereas in molecule A an oxo ion bridging the three coppers of the T2/T3 cluster (μ3-oxo bridge) together with an hydroxide ion externally bridging the two T3 copper ions, products of the four-electrons reduction of molecular oxygen, were best modelled.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>This is the first structure of a multicopper oxidase which allowed the detection of two intermediates in the molecular oxygen reduction and splitting. The observed features allow to positively substantiate an accurate mechanism of dioxygen reduction catalyzed by multicopper oxidases providing general insights into the reductive cleavage of the O-O bonds, a leading problem in many areas of biology.</p