Likelihood of nepotism for discipline in UK.

<p>Results of the Monte Carlo simulation for each discipline (sector) from the UK dataset of academics. The number of academics in the discipline (People), the number of distinct last names (Last names), the expected number of last names (Expected), and the associated p-value, measuring how probable it is to find an equal or lower number of distinct last names by chance, are reported. Significant <i>p</i>-values are in bold.</p

Likelihood of nepotism for discipline in Italy.

<p>Results of the Monte Carlo simulation for each discipline (sector) from the Italian dataset of academics. The number of academics in the discipline (People), the number of distinct last and given names (Last names, Given names), the expected number of last and given names (Expected), and the associated p-value, measuring how probable it is to find an equal or lower number of names by chance, are reported. Significant <i>p</i>-values are in bold.</p

Performances of WS and TD participants in the Visuo-Spatial Task-Switching in an ecological environment.

<p>Number of sequences of locations (ABA and CBA) that the participants spontaneously explored. Data are expressed as unweighted mean ± SEM. The asterisks indicate the significance level of the post-hoc comparisons between groups (** <i>p</i>< .005).</p

Performances of WS and TD participants in the Verbal Task-Switching.

<p>Reaction times (RTs) in repetition (AAA), alternating (ABA) and non-alternating (CBA) sequences of trials for WS and TD participants. Data are expressed as unweighted mean ± SEM.</p

Performances of WS and TD participants in the Visuo-Spatial Task-Switching.

<p><b>A: Backward inhibition</b>. Number of explored locations on finding the target in alternating (ABA) and non-alternating (CBA) sequences of trials for WS and TD participants. <b>B: Adjacency</b>. The percentage of response pairs for which the arms were adjacent for WS and TD participants. <b>C: Number of errors</b>. Number of re-exploration of the same arm in the same trial for WS and TD participants. <b>D: Perseverations</b>. Number of exploration of the same arm (e.g., 2–2) or the same string of arms (1-2-1-2) twice consecutively in the same trial for WS and TD participants. Data are expressed as unweighted mean ± SEM. The asterisks indicate the significance level of the post-hoc comparisons between groups (*** <i>p</i>< .0001).</p

Visuo-Spatial Task-Switching in an ecological environment.

<p>Schematic representation of the visuo-spatial task-switching paradigm in an ecological environment (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0142613#sec014" target="_blank">Experiment 3</a>).</p

Verbal Task-Switching.

<p>Schematic representation of task cues and stimuli in the verbal task-switching paradigm (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0142613#sec006" target="_blank">Experiment 1</a>). (Gallina: chicken; elefante: elephant; orso: bear).</p

Visuo-Spatial Task-Switching.

<p>Schematic representation of the visuo-spatial task-switching paradigm (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0142613#sec010" target="_blank">Experiment 2</a>). On the left, an example of triplets of trials (CBA and ABA). The numbers indicate the arms of the 6-arm star.</p

Entry latency of the avoiding (AV), balancing (BA) and approaching (AP) animals.

<p>High behaviour of approach exhibited by the AP animals was accompanied with impulsive/exploratory behaviour, as showed by their lower entry latency in comparison to BA and AV animals. Data are presented as means ± SEM. Asterisks indicate the significance level of the <i>post hoc</i> comparisons between AP vs. AV or BA groups: ** <i>P</i><0.01. Abbreviations: white (W) and black (B) arms; first (S1) and second (S2) session.</p

FAAH activities in avoiding (AV), balancing (BA) and approaching (AP) animals.

<p>FAAH assay values were not significantly different among AV, BA and AP mice in somato-sensory and motor cortex (Cx), prefrontal cortex (PFCx), hippocampus (Hipp), striatum (Stri), amygdala (Amyg) and cerebellum (Cb). The <i>P</i> values shown above the graph are for non-parametric one-way ANOVAs for each region.</p