Estimation of bacteria and fungi in smoked catfish (Clarias gariepinus) available in OTA markets

This study was carried out to investigate the microbial quality of smoked Clarias gariepinus purchased from four different markets, namely Iyana-Iyesi (M1), Oju-Ore (M2), Oja-Ota (M3) and Sango-Ota (M4) in Ota metropolis. The samples from three retailers from the four markets were used for analyses for two weeks, making a total of 48 samples for the experiment. The microbiological procedure was carried out using Nutrient agar for bacteria load and Potato Dextrose agar for fungal load of the smoked catfish. The mean total plate count for bacteria ranged between 4.82 x 104 CFU/g for week 1 in Oju-Ore market and 4. 92 x 104 CFU/g for week 2 and Iyana-Iyesi market while fungi ranged from 4.85 x 104 for week 1 in Sango-Ota market and 4.92 x 104 CFU/g for week 2 in Oja-Ota and Sango-Ota markets. Vibrio cholerae, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Shigella spp and Salmonella typhi were the bacteria isolated from the smoked catfish. The presence of these organisms confirms microbial contamination either from poor smoking of the fish, poor personal hygiene of the processors or sellers, poor environmental conditions as well as packaging and storage of the fish. The adoption of good processing practice and the use of controlled temperature in processing and preserving of the smoked catfish are highly recommended. Keywords: Clarias gariepinus, smoked, markets, microbe

Efficacy of Major Plant Extracts/Molecules on Field Insect Pests

Insect pests are considered the major hurdle in enhancing the production and productivity of any farming system. The use of conventional synthetic pesticides has led to the emergence of pesticide-resistant insects, environmental pollution, and negative effects on natural enemies, which have caused an ecological imbalance of the predator-prey ratio and human health hazards; therefore, eco-friendly alternative strategies are required. The plant kingdom, a rich repertoire of secondary metabolites, can be tapped as an alternative for insect pest management strategies. A number of plants have been documented to have insecticidal properties against various orders of insects in vitro by acting as antifeedants, repellents, sterilant and oviposition deterrents, etc. However, only a few plant compounds are applicable at the field level or presently commercialised. Here, we have provided an overview of the broad-spectrum insecticidal activity of plant compounds from neem, Annona, Pongamia, and Jatropha. Additionally, the impact of medicinal plants, herbs, spices, and essential oils has been reviewed briefl

A new poof of multiple solutions of combustions problems

We revisit the combustion problem 1rnddr (rnd&#952dr) +&#955exp(&#952) =0 for the plane (n = 1), cylinder (n = 2) and sphere (n = 3) vessels. Using polynomial approximations. We show that the problem has two (2) solutions. Journal of the Nigerian Association of Mathematical Physics Vol. 10 2006: pp. 497-49

Crystalloid Preload Plus Crystalloid Coload for Management of Hypotension During Subarachnoid Block for Emergency Caesarean Section

Background: Maternal hypotension following spinal anaesthesia remains a persistent major clinical burden. Several physical methods, fluid loading, dose adjustments, addition of opioids or vasopressors have been tried alone or in combinations but with controversial findings.Purpose: To determine whether crystalloid coloading will enhance control of maternal hypotension  provided by crystalloid preloading during spinal anaesthesia.Patients and Methods: Women in preload group (PL, n=25) received 15ml/kg normal saline within 15 minutes before induction of spinal anaesthesia, then had  maintenance infusion of 20ml/kg normal saline for the next one hour. Those in coload group (CL, n=25) received 15ml/kg normal saline within 15 minutes following  induction of spinal anaesthesia, then had maintenance infusion of 20ml/kg normal saline for the next one hour. The parturients in combined preloadcoload group (BL) received 15ml/kg normal saline within 15 minutes before spinal anaesthesia and 15ml/kg normal saline within 15 minutes following induction of spinal anesthesia,   then had maintenance infusion of 5ml/kg normal saline over one hour. Maternal hypotension, total rescue fluid, neonatal outcome and ephedrine used were  documented.Results: Incidence of hypotension was significantly higher among patients in preload group 15(60%) and coload group 18(75%) compared to combined group 4  (16.7%) (p=0.0001). The mean dose of ephedrine administered following hypotension was significantly higher in coload group (15.2 ± 3.2 mg) and preload group (12.3 ± 1.4 mg) compared to combined group (3.1 ± 0.9 mg) (P=0.0001). Neonatal outcome was similar in the three groups.Conclusion: Combined crystalloid preload-coload is a better prophylactic method of managing spinal-induced hypotension than crystalloid preload or coload alone in women undergoing caesarean section under subarachnoid block.Keywords: caesarean section, hypotension, preload, preload-coload, spinal anaesthesia