Differential expression of costimulatory molecules in human periodontal diseases

A manutenção da resposta imune depende de uma fina regulação da ativação dos linfócitos. A ativação das células T requer dois sinais, um mediado pelo complexo TCR, após o reconhecimento do antígeno, e o outro mediado pela interação dos receptores coestimulatórios. CD28 e ICOS são receptores estimuladores, enquanto CTLA-4 e PD-1 induzem um sinal inibitório para a ativação das células T. Para compreender o envolvimento de células T na progressão da doença periodontal humana avaliamos o perfil de ativação de células T sangüíneas, a presença destas células no foco da infecção, bem como os fatores que estas células estariam produzindo. Os resultados mostraram que linfócitos sangüíneos de pacientes com doenças periodontais proliferaram frente à estimulação policlonal, de maneira similar aos linfócitos de indivíduos saudáveis. Entretanto, a estimulação com antígenos de Aa e Pg induziu apenas um discreto aumento na resposta proliferativa de linfócitos de pacientes com gengivite. Os dados também demonstraram que antígenos de periodontopatógenos induzem a produção de citocinas, IFN- e IL-10, por linfócitos de pacientes e indivíduos controle. As células sangüíneas de indivíduos com doenças periodontais apresentaram uma alta expressão de moléculas inibitórias, PD-1 e CTLA-4. Entretanto, o bloqueio da via PD- 1/PD-L não alterou a resposta proliferativa de células T de pacientes com periodontite crônica, mas modulou positivamente a produção de IFN- e IL-10. Ao avaliar o número total de células isoladas do tecido gengival de pacientes com periodontite crônica observou-se um significante aumento quando comparado ao grupo com gengivite e o controle. Em adição, os ensaios de fenotipagem indicaram que não existe diferença na composição do infiltrado celular. Contudo, foram observadas diferenças entre os grupos quanto ao perfil de ativação celular. Os linfócitos T CD3+ representam a principal população de leucócitos encontrados nas lesões de pacientes com periodontite crônica, gengivite e saudáveis, tendo sido detectado uma alta percentagem de células T CD4+ de memória no grupo com periodontite crônica. Adicionalmente, o número de células B foi similar em todos os grupos. Os dados sobre a expressão de moléculas co-estimulatórias mostraram que uma considerável parcela da população de linfócitos T CD4+ e CD8+ das lesões de pacientes com periodontite crônica coexpressam PD-1 e CTLA-4, quando comparada com os pacientes com gengivite e indivíduos saudáveis. Uma baixa freqüência de positividade para a IFN- foi observada nas lesões de pacientes com periodontite crônica, e alta freqüência para IL-10 nos grupos com gengivite e periodontite crônica. Esses resultados agrupados sustentam a hipótese de que a expressão de PD-1 e CTLA-4 estão envolvidas na patogênese da doença periodontal humana.Negative co-stimulatory signals mediated via cell surface molecules such as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) and programmed death-1 (PD-1) play a critical role in down-modulation immune responses and maintaining peripheral tolerance. Both CTLA-4 and PD-1 are induced on activated T cells, and these are involved in the immunopathogenesis of periodontal diseases. However, there are no reports linking PD-1 with periodontal diseases. We investigated the possible association between CD28, CTLA-4 and PD-1 expression and cytokine production with putative lymphocytes dysfunction in patients with periodontal diseases. Blastogenic response to PHA was no difference between groups. However, blastogenic response to Aa and Pg antigen was increased in gingivitis group. After stimulation with antigens or PHA, IL-10 and IFN- production was induced in vitro by PBMCs from patients with periodontal disease and healthy subjects. The expression of CTLA-4 and PD-1 was higher in blood T cells from patients as compared with the healthy groups. However, blockage of PD-1 did not modify blastogenic response, but resulted in modulation of IFN- and IL-10 production. In situ, we observed a significant increase in the total number of leukocytes from chronic periodontitis lesion as compared with the gingivitis and healthy groups. Additionally, there was no difference in the composition of cellular infiltrate. The results showed that CD3+ T cells represented the main population; in particular, the proportion of CD4+ T cells was significantly higher than CD8+ T cells, in chronic periodontitis groups. The expression of CD28 was similar in both groups studied. On the other hand, the expression of CTLA-4 and PD-1 was significantly higher in T cells from chronic periodontitis groups as compared with the gingivitis group. Importantly, PD-1 expression was observed primarily in CD4+ T cells. Similar amounts of T cells expressing CD28+ and CTLA-4+ were found in gingivitis and chronic periodontitis patients. This study demonstrates the expression of PD-1 and CTLA-4 in T cells of blood and lesions from patients with periodontal diseases and suggests the possible involvement of these molecules on immune regulation of periodontal disease

Preservation of alveolar bone in extraction sockets using fresh-frozen bone allograft: a clinical, histological and immunological study

O osso alógeno fresco-congelado (FFBA, do inglês fresh-frozen bone allograft) é uma alternativa para os procedimentos cirúrgicos de enxerto ósseo, principalmente na preparação do rebordo alveolar para a instalação de implantes osseointegráveis. No entanto, existem alguns paradigmas que envolvem a relação entre resposta do sistema imunológico à aloantígenos presentes no enxerto e o seu comportamento clínico. Procurando entender essa relação, o FFBA foi avaliado como enxerto para preservar o rebordo alveolar pós-extração. Os resultados mostraram que embora tenha ocorrido uma redução estatisticamente significante na altura, espessura e volume do rebordo entre a avaliação inicial e final, essa redução não foi clinicamente significante, permitindo a instalação de implantes osseointegráveis. Em adição, as análises histológicas sugerem um bom comportamento do enxerto, com ausência de reação do tipo corpo estranho e formação de novo osso em todos os sítios analisados. Ao analisar o comportamento da resposta imune, os resultados mostraram que a injeção intradérmica de aloantígenos presentes no FFBA, não induziu uma reação de hipersensibilidade tardia nos pacientes após 4 meses do enxerto. Além disso, os monócitos do sangue periférico (PBMCs) dos pacientes não proliferaram frente aos aloantígenos in vitro. No entanto, os dados também demonstraram que os aloantígenos aumentam a produção de IL-2 e IFN-, mas não alteram a produção de IL-4 e IL-10, por PBMCs dos pacientes. Ao avaliar a relação entre a produção dessas citocinas e o comportamento clínico do enxerto, os dados mostram que existe uma correlação estatisticamente significante entre a produção de IL-2 in vitro e a redução (em %) da altura do rebordo alveolar, embora essa redução não tenha sido clinicamente significante. De fato, a presença de aloantígenos no FFBA não é suficiente para sua contraindicação como material de enxertia.The fresh-frozen bone allograft (FFBA) is an alternative to surgical procedures of bone grafts, mainly in the preservation of alveolar ridge prior the installation of osseointegrated implants. However there are paradigms that surround the relation between immune response to alloantigens present inside the graft and the clinical response of the graft. An attempt to understand this relationship, the FFBA was evaluated as a graft to preserve the alveolar ridge post-extraction. The results show a statistically significant reduction in height, thickness and volume of the ridge between the initial and final examination, however this reduction was not clinically significant. The ridge preservation allowed implant installation and osseointegration. In addition, histologic analysis suggests a good performance of the graft with no foreign body reaction and formation of new bone at all sites. In analyzing the behavior immune response, the results showed that stimulation with alloantigens present in bone allograft induced no delayed hypersensitivity reaction in vivo. Additionally, periphery blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from patients no proliferate in response to alloantigens in vitro. However, the data also demonstrated that the alloantigens increase IL-2 and IFN- production, but no IL-4 and IL-10 production, by PBMCs from patients. When evaluate the relation between the cytokines production and clinical parameters, the results demonstrate that there statistically significant correlation between IL-2 production in vitro and ridge height changes (%), although this clinical parameter is not clinically significant. In fact, the alloantigens in FFBA are not sufficient for its contraindications as grafting material

Absence of TLR2 influences survival of neutrophils after infection with Candida albicans

Candida albicans is an opportunistic pathogen, which causes local and/or disseminated diseases in immunosuppressed humans. Phagocytic cells play a critical role in the immune response against C. albicans. Toll like receptors (TLR) are important in the identification of invading microorganisms and in the regulation of neutrophil survival. TLR2 has been shown to participate in the response against pathogenic yeasts and to increase the functional life span of neutrophils. In view of these observations, we studied the involvement of TLR2 in neutrophil function after C. albicans infection. The absence of TLR2 resulted in lower chemotaxis of neutrophils to the site of infection. This in turn was associated with lower levels of chemokines from neutrophils, facilitating the dissemination of the pathogen to the lymph nodes and spleen. A high frequency of apoptotic neutrophils and macrophages in the inflammatory exudates from TLR2(-/-) mice was found. In addition, the phagocytic activity of neutrophils and macrophages, nitric oxide production and myeloperoxidase, activity were diminished in cells from TLR2(-/-) mice. Together, these data demonstrate the importance of TLR2 signals for neutrophils activation and survival after C albicans infection.FAPES

Inhibitory Signals Mediated by Programmed Death-1 Are Involved With T-Cell Function in Chronic Periodontitis

Background: Inhibitory signals mediated via molecules such as programmed death-1 (PD-1) play a critical role in downmodulating immune responses and maintaining peripheral tolerance. We investigated the involvement of cytokines and PD-1 engagement in mediating the T-cell unresponsiveness to bacterial and ubiquitous antigens in periodontal diseases. Methods: Gingival and peripheral blood samples from healthy individuals and patients with chronic periodontitis were collected and used for the subsequent assays. Leukocytes in the lesion site and blood were evaluated using flow cytometry. The production of interferon-gamma, interleukin-10, and transforming growth factor-P proteins was evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the presence of PD-1+cells in the inflamed gingiva was confirmed by immunofluorescence confocal microscopy for CD4 and PD-1 colocalization. Results: T cells from patients with chronic periodontitis proliferated poorly in response to Aggregatibacter actinomycetem comitans (previously Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans) antigen. T-cell unresponsiveness was not associated with imbalanced cytokine production. However, T cells from patients with chronic periodontitis expressed significantly higher levels of PD-1 either upon isolation or after culture with antigens. Moreover, PD-1 blocking did not result in significant T-cell proliferation in cells cultured with phytohemagglutinin or bacterial antigens. The blockade of PD-1 resulted in the increased production of IFN-gamma. In addition, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells expressing PD-1 accumulated in lesions with chronic periodontitis. Conclusion: These data show that PD-1 engagement could be involved in the modulation of IFN-gamma production by T cells in patients with chronic periodontitis. J Periodontol 2009,80:1833-1844.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)FAPESP State of Sao Paulo Research Foundation[04/06704-0]FAPESP State of Sao Paulo Research Foundation[05/53391-0]Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP