Fauna used in popular medicine in Northeast Brazil

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Animal-based remedies constitute an integral part of Brazilian Traditional Medicine. Due to its long history, zootherapy has in fact become an integral part of folk medicine both in rural and urban areas of the country. In this paper we summarize current knowledge on zootherapeutic practices in Northeast of Brazil, based on information compiled from ethnobiological scientific literature.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>In order to examine the diversity of animals used in traditional medicine in Northeast of Brazil, all available references or reports of folk remedies based on animals sources were examined. 34 sources were analyzed. Only taxa that could be identified to species level were included in assessment of medicinal animal species. Scientific names provided in publications were updated.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The review revealed that at least 250 animal species (178 vertebrates and 72 invertebrates) are used for medicinal purposes in Northeast of Brazil. The inventoried species comprise 10 taxonomic categories and belong to 141 Families. The groups with the greatest number of species were fishes (n = 58), mammals (n = 47) and reptiles (n = 37). The zootherapeutical products are used for the treatment of different illnesses. The most widely treated condition were asthma, rheumatism and sore throat, conditions, which had a wide variety of animals to treat them with. Many animals were used for the treatment of multiple ailments. Beyond the use for treating human diseases, zootherapeutical resources are also used in ethnoveterinary medicine</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The number of medicinal species catalogued was quite expressive and demonstrate the importance of zootherapy as alternative therapeutic in Northeast of Brazil. Although widely diffused throughout Brazil, zootherapeutic practices remain virtually unstudied. There is an urgent need to examine the ecological, cultural, social, and public health implications associated with fauna usage, including a full inventory of the animal species used for medicinal purposes and the socio-cultural context associated with their consumption.</p

Potential pollinators of Comolia ovalifolia DC Triana (Melastomataceae) and Chamaecrista ramosa (Vog.) H.S. Irwin and Barneby var. ramosa (Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae), in restinga, Bahia, Brazil

Comolia ovalifolia DC Triana (Melastomataceae) and Chamaecrista ramosa (Vog.) H.S. Irwin and Barneby var. ramosa (Leguminosae - Caesalpinioideae) are tropical plant species found in restinga (herbaceous-shrubby, sandy costal ecosystems). They have flowers with poricidal anthers and are pollinated by bees. The study sought to analyse potential pollinators of both plants during visits to their flowers in a restinga area in Bahia. The flowering displayed by both species was considered continuous and long duration, constantly providing pollen to floral visitors. C. ovalifolia was visited by 17 species of bees and C. ramosa by 16 species, predominantly from the Apidae family (with a similarity index of 74%). The behavior displayed by these visiting bees was of vibrating anthers. The small-sized Euglossa sp. Latreille, 1802 and Florilegus similis Urban, 1970 bees played less of a role as pollinators, since they rarely touched the flower stigma during harvests and were thus considered opportunist visitors or casual pollinators. Centris decolorata Lepetier, 1841 (= C. leprieuri) and Xylocopa subcyanea Perez, 1901 are large bees and were considered efficient pollinators of C. ovalifolia and C. ramosa because of the higher frequency and constancy of their visits, and their favourable behaviour and size for pollen transfer between flowers, which guarantees the survival of these native restinga plant species

Pollen grains in honeys produced by Tetragonisca angustula (Latreille, 1811) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in tropical semi-arid areas of north-eastern Brazil

The flora of north-eastern Brazil offers a source of nectariferous-polliniferous species that support many native pollinators. However, few studies have examined the plant-Meliponini interaction, especially from the melissopalynological aspect. We assessed the flora exploited by Tetragonisca angustula in two caatinga (dry vegetation) areas in the Brazilian semi-arid region through pollen analysis of honeys with the goal of answering the following questions: (a) What are the most representative pollens found in the honeys? (b) Do certain pollen types function as regional geographic markers? (c) What are the characteristics of the trophic niche of T. angustula in these areas? The honeys (n = 27) were collected every month from October 2010 to December 2011 in Itaberaba and Ruy Barbosa, diluted in tepid water and 95 % ethanol and subsequently acetolysed. The results revealed 67 pollen types in the honeys, with 25 common to both study areas and most of them belonging to the family Fabaceae (>10 types). The most frequent pollen types were Heteropterys, Mikania, Myrcia, Prosopis juliflora and Solanum for Itaberaba and Heteropterys, Mimosa tenuiflora, P. juliflora, Schinus, Senna macranthera, Solanum and Syagrus coronata for Ruy Barbosa. Anadenanthera colubrina, Poincianella pyramidalis and Ziziphus joazeiro were considered markers for caatinga flora. The amplitude of the trophic niche varied between 0.36 and 2.55, while the evenness ranged from 0.15 to 0.77, characterising the foraging habit of T. angustula as polylectic with a more homogeneous use of the flora in Ruy Barbosa than in Itaberaba. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht