Recording 2-D Nutation NQR Spectra by Random Sampling Method

The method of random sampling was introduced for the first time in the nutation nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) spectroscopy where the nutation spectra show characteristic singularities in the form of shoulders. The analytic formulae for complex two-dimensional (2-D) nutation NQR spectra (I = 3/2) were obtained and the condition for resolving the spectral singularities for small values of an asymmetry parameter η was determined. Our results show that the method of random sampling of a nutation interferogram allows significant reduction of time required to perform a 2-D nutation experiment and does not worsen the spectral resolution

New Developments in Brief Interventions to Treat Problem Drinking in Nonspecialty Health Care Settings

The delivery of brief interventions (BIs) in health care settings to reduce problematic alcohol consumption is a key preventive strategy for public health. However, evidence of effectiveness beyond primary care is inconsistent. Patient populations and intervention components are heterogeneous. Also, evidence for successful implementation strategies is limited. In this article, recent literature is reviewed covering BI effectiveness for patient populations and subgroups, and design and implementation of BIs. Support is evident for short-term effectiveness in hospital settings, but long-term effects may be confounded by changes in control groups. Limited evidence suggests effectiveness with young patients not admitted as a consequence of alcohol, dependent patients, and binge drinkers. Influential BI components include high-quality change plans and provider characteristics. Health professionals endorse BI and feel confident in delivering it, but training and support initiatives continue to show no significant effects on uptake, prompting calls for systematic approaches to implementing BI in health care

Epidemiologia de la malaria falciparum complicada: estudio de casos y controles en Tumaco y Turbo, Colombia, 2003 The epidemiology of complicated falciparum malaria: case and controls study in Tumaco and Turbo, Colombia, 2003

OBJETIVOS: Identificar aspectos del hospedero, del parásito y del ambiente asociados con ocurrencia de malaria por Plasmodium falciparum complicada. MÉTODOS: Estudio de casos y controles en pacientes de Tumaco y Turbo (Colombia) aplicando los criterios de complicación de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. RESULTADOS: Entre noviembre 2002 y julio 2003 se captaron 64 casos (malaria complicada) y 135 controles (malaria no complicada). Las complicaciones fueron: hiperparasitemia (40%), falla hepática (36%), síndrome dificultad respiratoria aguda (7%), falla renal (4%), trombocitopenia grave (3%), anemia grave (2%), malaria cerebral (2%) e hipoglicemia grave (1%). Se encontraron como factores de riesgo para malaria falciparum complicada: a) Los antecedentes de malaria falciparum durante el último año fueron menores en los casos (OR= 7.0 (1.2-43.6) P=0.019); b) Mayor uso previo de antimaláricos en los casos (OR=2.2 (1.1-4.4) P=0.031) y c) mayor uso de cloroquina en los casos (OR=7.4 (1.1-7.8) P=0.017). Se hallaron los alelos MAD-20 y K1 del gen msp1 y FC-27 e IC-1 del gen msp2, cuya distribución de frecuencias fue similar entre casos y controles, aunque el alelo K1 mostró una variación importante entre grupos (casos: 9.4%, controles: 3.5%). La frecuencia de "signos de peligro" fue significativamente mayor en los casos (OR= 3.3, (1.5-7.4) P=0.001). Los criterios de complicación malárica de la Organización Mundial de la Salud se comparan con otros y se discuten algunas implicaciones. CONCLUSIÓN: Se identificaron como factores de riesgo para malaria falciparum complicada, la ausencia de antecedentes de malaria falciparum en el último año y el uso de antimaláricos antes de llegar al hospital.<br>OBJECTIVES: Aimed at identifying host and parasite aspects associated to the presence of Plasmodium falciparum complicated malaria. METHODS: Case and controls study in patients from Tumaco and Turbo (Colombia). We used the World Health Organization criteria to assess the presence of complicated malaria. RESULTS: A total 64 cases and 135 controls were included between November 2002 and July 2003. Observed complications were hyperparasitaemia (40%), liver failure (36%), adult respiratory distress syndrome (7%), renal failure (4%), severe thrombocytopenia (3%), severe anemia (2%), cerebral malaria (2%) and severe hypoglicemia (1%). Were identified as risk factors: a) falciparum malaria history in the previous year was lower in the cases (OR= 7.0 (1.2-43.6) P=0.019), b) the high use by the cases of antimalarials (OR=2.2, (1.1-4.4) P=0.031) and c) the high use of chloroquine by the cases (OR=7.4 (1.1-7.8), P=0.017) before attending to the hospital. Presence of P. falciparum alleles MAD-20 and K1 (msp1 gene), FC-27 and IC-1 (msp2 gene) was confirmed. No significant differences were observed in the presence of these alleles; however K1 was more frequent in cases (9.4%) than in controls (3.5%). The frequency of danger signs during the disease was significantly greater in the cases (OR= 3.3 (1.5-7.4) P=0.001). The World Health Organization criteria for complicated malaria are compared with others and some implications are discussed. CONCLUSION: They were identified as risk factors for complicated falciparum malaria, the absence of falciparum malaria antecedents in the last year and the use of antimalarials before attending to the hospital