10 research outputs found

    Diagnostic examination of the child with urolithiasis or nephrocalcinosis

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    Urolithiasis and nephrocalcinosis are more frequent in children then currently anticipated, but still remain under- or misdiagnosed in a significant proportion of patients, since symptoms and signs may be subtle or misleading. All children with colicky abdominal pain or macroscopic hematuria should be examined thoroughly for urolithiasis. Also, other, more general, abdominal manifestations can be the first symptoms of renal stones. The patients and their family histories, as well as physical examination, are important initial steps for diagnostic evaluation. Thereafter, diagnostic imaging should be aimed at the location of calculi but also at identification of urinary tract anomalies or acute obstruction due to stone disease. This can often be accomplished by ultrasound examination alone, but sometimes radiological methods such as plain abdominal films or more sensitive non-enhanced computed tomography are necessary. Since metabolic causes are frequent in children, diagnostic evaluation should be meticulous so that metabolic disorders that cause recurrent urolithiasis or even renal failure, such as the primary hyperoxalurias and others, can be ruled out. The stone is not the disease itself; it is only one serious sign! Therefore, thorough and early diagnostic examination is mandatory for every infant and child with the first stone event, or with nephrocalcinosis

    Pediatric urolithiasis: causative factors, diagnosis and medical management

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    Childhood urolithiasis is associated with considerable morbidity and recurrence. Many risk factors-including those metabolic, genetic, anatomic, dietary and environmental in nature-have been identified in children with urinary tract calculi. As pediatric urolithiasis with a metabolic etiology is the most common disease, evaluating the metabolic risk factors in patients is necessary to both effectively treat current stones and prevent recurrence. We discuss causative risk factors of pediatric urolithiasis, as well as the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches

    Urolithiasis in Children

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