Electrochemical copolymerization of N-methylpyrrole and 2,2 '-bithitiophene; characterization, micro-capacitor study, and equivalent circuit model evaluation

N-methylpyrrole (N-MPy) and 2,2'-bithiophene (BTh) were electrocopolymerized in 0 center dot 2 M acetonitrile-sodium perchlorate solvent-electrolyte couple on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) by cyclic voltammetry (CV). The resulting homopolymers and copolymers in different initial feed ratios of [N-MPy](0)/[BTh](0) = 1/1, 1/2, 1/5 and 1/10 were characterized by CV, Fourier-transform infrared reflectance attenuated transmittance (FTIR-ATR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The capacitive behaviours of the modified electrodes were defined via Nyquist, Bode-magnitude, Bode-phase and admittance plots. The equivalent circuit model of R(C(R)(QR)(CR)) was performed to fit theoretical and experimental data. The highest low-frequency capacitance (C (LF)) were obtained as C (LF) = similar to 1 center dot 23 x 10 (-4) mF cm (-2) for P(N-MPy), C (LF) = similar to 2 center dot 09 x 10 (-4) mF cm(-2) for P(BTh) and C (LF) = similar to 5 center dot 54 x 10 (-4) mF cm(-2) for copolymer in the inital feed ratio of [N-MPy](0)/[BTh] (0) = 1/2.Research Foundation of Namik Kemal University, TurkeyNamik Kemal University [NKUBAP.00.10.YL.12.02]Financial support for this work by the Research Foundation of Namik Kemal University, Turkey, (project number: NKUBAP.00.10.YL.12.02), is gratefully acknowledged

Electrocoated Films of Poly(N-Methylpyrrole-co-2,2 '-Bithitiophene-co-3-(Octylthiophene)), Characterizations, and Capacitor Study

N-Methylpyrrole (N-MPy), 2,2 '-bithiophene (BTh), and 3-(Octylthiophene) (OTh) were electrocopolymerized in 0.2M NaClO4/CH3CN on glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The resulting terpolymers of N-MPy, BTh and OTh in different initial monomer feed ratios such as [N-MPy](0)/[BTh](0)/[OTh](0)=1/1/1 and 1/2/5 were characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV), Fourier-transform infrared attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The capacitive behaviors of the modified electrodes were defined via Nyquist, Bode-magnitude, Bode-phase, and Admittance plots. The equivalent circuit model of Rs(C ( dl1 )(R ( 1 )(QR ( 2 ))))(C ( dl2 ) R ( 3 )) was performed to fit the theoretical and experimental data. The low-frequency capacitance (C-LF) were obtained from initial monomer concentrations of 50mM as C-LF=similar to 2.34x10(-4) mFcm(-2) for P(N-MPy), C-LF=5.06x10(-4) mFcm(-2) for P(BTh), C-LF=5.07 mFcm(-2) for P(OTh), and C-LF=similar to 3.78 m Fcm(-2) for terpolymer for [N-MPy](0)/[BTh](0)/[OTh](0)=1/1/1. The terpolymer may be used as energy storage devices. [GRAPHICS]Research Foundation of Namik Kemal University (Turkey)Namik Kemal University [NKUBAP.00.10. YL.12.02]Financial support for this work by the Research Foundation of Namik Kemal University (Turkey), project number NKUBAP.00.10. YL.12.02, is gratefully acknowledged

Synthesis of 9H-carbazole-9-carbothioic methacrylic thioanhydride, electropolymerization, characterization and supercapacitor applications

A novel organic molecule of 9H-carbazole-9-carbothioic methacrylic thioanhydride (CzCS(2)metac) was synthesized by incorporating CS2 and methacrylate groups into the carbazole monomer structure. CzCS(2)metac was characterized by FTIR, H-1-NMR and C-13-NMR spectroscopy. CzCS(2)metac was electropolymerized in 0.1 M tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate (TEABF(4))/acetonitrile (CH3CN) on glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The characterization of the electrocoated P(CzCS(2)metac)/CFME thin film was studied by various techniques, such as cyclic voltammetry, scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray analysis and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The specific capacitance (C (sp)) of P(CzCS(2)metac)/MWCNT/GCE in the scan rate of 20 mV s(-1) (C (sp) = 38.48 F g(-1) from area formula, C (sp) = 38.52 F g(-1) from charge formula) was increased similar to 15.66 and similar to 15.64 times in area and charge formulas compared to P(CzCS(2)metac)/GCE (C (sp) = 2.46 F g(-1) from area and charge formulas). The same results were also obtained from Nyquist graphs. The specific capacitance value of composite film (C (sp) = 1.09 x 10(-3) F) is similar to 15.66 times higher than the polymer film (C (sp) = 6.92 x 10(-5) F). The composite film may be used as supercapacitor electrode material in energy storage devices.Scientific & Technological Council of Turkey (TUBITAK)Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [TBAG-110T791]This work supported by The Scientific & Technological Council of Turkey (TUBITAK)-TBAG-110T791 Project

Copolymer formation of 4-vinylbenzyl-9H-carbazole-9-carbodithioate and ethylenedioxythiophene and capacitive behavior

In this study, first, a new monomer of 4-vinylbenzyl 9H-carbazole-9-carbodithioate (VBzCzCT) was chemically synthesized and characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) reflectance, proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1 H NMR), and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance (C-13 NMR) spectroscopies. Second, VBzCzCT and 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) monomers were electrocopolymerized (VBzCzCT-co-EDOT) in 0.1 M sodium perchlorate (NaClO4)/acetonitrile ((CHCN)-C-3) on glassy carbon electrode (GCE) using cyclic voltammetry (CV). Third, the best deposition conditions on the electroactivity of the modified homopolymers and copolymer were studied and characterized using different techniques such as CV, FTIR-attenuated total reflectance, scanning electron microscopyenergy dispersion x-ray analysis, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis. The specific capacitance (C-sp) of poly(VBzCzCT) (P(VBzCzCT)) was obtained as 20.5 mF cm(-2). However, the C-sp of P(VBzCzCT-co-EDOT)/GCE was obtained as 45.5 mF cm(-2). There is an important improvement in the capacitance value of copolymer formation. The C-sp value increases more than twice from P(VBzCzCT) to copolymer. The highest double layer capacitance (C-dl approximately 27.5 mF cm(-2)) was obtained for P(VBzCzCT-co-EDOT) and P(EDOT) compared with P(VBzCzCT) (C-dl approximately 8.28 mF cm(-2). Finally, simulation graphs of Nyquist, Bode-magnitude, and Bode-phase plots were given for homopolymers and copolymer for the electrical equivalent circuit model of R-s(Q(1)(R-1(C-1(R-2(C-2(R-3.W))))))(C3R4). The EIS results of P(VBzCzCT), P(EDOT), and P(VBzCzCT-co-EDOT) might be studied as promising active electrode materials for (super) capacitor evaluations

A novel synthesis of (3,6-bis(2,3-dihydrothieno[3,4-b][1,4]dioxin-5-yl)-9-(4-vinylbenzyl)-9H-carbazole), alternating polymer formation, characterization, and capacitance measurements

In this work, (3,6-bis(2,3-dihydrothieno[3,4-b][1,4]dioxin-5-yl)-9-(4-vinylbenzyl)-9H-carbazole) (EDOTVBCz) comonomer was chemically synthesized and characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance, and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. EDOTVBCz was electrocoated on glassy carbon electrode (GCE) in various initial molar concentrations ([EDOTVBCz](0) = 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 3.0) in 0.1 M lithium perchlorate (LiClO4)/acetonitrile (CH3CN). P(EDOTVBCz)/GCE was characterized by cyclic voltammetry, FTIR reflectance-attenuated total reflection spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray analysis, atomic force microscopy, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). EIS was used to determine the capacitive behaviors of modified GCE via Nyquist, Bode magnitude, Bode phase, and admittance plots. The highest low-frequency capacitance value was obtained as C (LF) = similar to 2.35 mF cm(-2) for [EDOTVBCz](0) = 3.0 mM. Double-layer capacitance of the polymer/electrolyte system was calculated as C (dl) = similar to 2.78 mF cm(-2) for [EDOTVBCz](0) = 1.0 and 3.0 mM. The maximum phase angle was obtained as theta = similar to 76.7(o) for [EDOTVBCz](0) = 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 3.0 mM at the frequency of 20.6 Hz. AC impedance spectra of P(EDOTVBCz)/LiClO4/CH3CN was obtained by performing electrical equivalent circuit model of R(Q(R(CR))) with linear Kramers-Kronig test.Scientific & Technological Council of Turkey (TUBITAK)Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [TBAG-110T791]This work supported by The Scientific & Technological Council of Turkey (TUBITAK)-TBAG-110T791 Project

Electrolyte type and concentration effects on poly(3-(2-aminoethyl thiophene) electro-coated on glassy carbon electrode via impedimetric study

In this study, 3-(2-Aminoethyl thiophene) (2AET) monomer was electropolymerized on glassy carbon electrode (GCE) using various electrolytes (lithium perchlorate (LiClO4), sodium perchlorate (NaClO4), tetrabutyl ammonium tetra fluoroborate (TBABF(4)) and tetraethyl ammonium tetra fluoroborate (TEABF(4)) in acetonitrile (CH3CN) as solvent. Poly(3-(2-aminoethyl thiophene) (P(2AET))/GCE was characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV), Fourier transform infrared reflectance spectrophotometry (FTIR-ATR), scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopic results were given by Nyquist, Bode-magnitude, Bode-phase, capacitance and admittance plots. The highest low frequency capacitance (C-LF) value obtained was 0.65 mF cm(-2) in 0.1 M LiClO4/CH3CN for the initial monomer concentration of 1.5 mM. The highest double layer capacitance (C-dl = similar to 0.63 mF cm(-2)) was obtained in 0.1 M LiClO4/ACN for [2AET](0) = 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mM. The maximum phase angles (theta = 76.1 degrees at 26.57 Hz) and conductivity (Y '' = 3.5 mS) were obtained in TEABF(4)/ACN for [2AET](0) = 0.5 and 1.0 mM, respectively. An equivalent circuit model of R(Q(R(Q(R(CR))))) was simulated for different electrolytes (LiClO4, NaClO4, TBABF(4) and TEABF(4))/P(2AET)/GCE system. A good fitting was obtained for the calculated experimental and theoretical EIS measurement results. The electroactivity of P(2AET)/GCE opens the possibility of using modified coated electrodes for electrochemical micro-capacitor electrodes and biosensor applications.Research Foundation of Namik Kemal University (Turkey)Namik Kemal University [NKU.BAP.00.10.AR.11.01]Financial support for this work by the Research Foundation of Namik Kemal University (Turkey) project number: NKU.BAP.00.10.AR.11.01) is gratefully acknowledged

Supercapacitor Behavior of Poly(Carbazole-EDOT) Derivatives/Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes, Characterizations and Equivalent Circuit Model Evaluations

Three new different comonomers of carbazole-EDOT derivatives had been previously synthesized and characterized in detail. In this study, electroactive materials were electropolymerized onto multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) modified glassy carbon (GC) electrode in 0.1M sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) solution. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopic results of Nyquist, and Bode-magnitude and Bode-phase plots show that polymers/MWCNT composites possess good capacitive characteristics. P(Com2)/MWCNT/GCE system's specific capacitance was up to Sc=132.6Fg(-1) at the scan rate of 70mVs(-1) from the area formula, Eq. (1). Furthermore, P(Com2)/MWCNT composite had very rapid charge/discharge ability with specific capacitance of Sc=75.23Fg(-1) at DC potential of 0.3V from Nyquist plot, and Sc=90.53Fg(-1) at the scan rate of 60mVs(-1) from charge formula, Eq. (2), which is important practical advantage. In addition, such composite had a good cycling performance and a wide potential window. Long-term stability of the capacitor was also tested by CV, and the results indicated that, after 500cycles, the specific capacitance was still at approximate to 100.0%, approximate to 89%, and approximate to 97.0% of the initial capacitance for P(Com1)/MWCNT, P(Com2)/MWCNT, and P(Com3)/MWCNT, respectively. An equivalent circuit model of R-s(C-1(R-1(Q(R2W))))(CGCRGC) was obtained to fit the experimental and theoretical data. Solution resistance (Rs) and resistance from GCE decrease gradually. However, capacitance of film (C-1), constant phase element (Q), and n values increase for P(Com1), P(Com2), and P(Com3)/MWCNT, respectively. Therefore, more homogeneous and less rough surface composite film was obtained by addition of MWCNT in the composite material.Scientific & Technological Council of Turkey (TUBITAK)Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [TBAG-110T791]This work was supported by The Scientific & Technological Council of Turkey (TUBITAK)-TBAG-110T791 Project

A novel synthesis of 3,6-bis(2,3-dihydrothieno[3,4-b][1,4]dioxin-5-yl)-9-tosyl-9H-carbazole

3,6-bis(2,3-dihydrothieno [3,4-b][1,4]dioxin-5-yl)-9-tosyl-9H-carbazole (EDOTTsCz) was synthesized and electrochemically polymerized on glassy carbon electrode (GCE) in 0.1 M tetrabutyl ammonium tetrafluoroborate (NB4BF4)/acetonitrile (CH3CN). Alternating copolymer was formed by CV method. Modified polymer electrode was characterized by Fourier transform Infrared Spectroscopy-Attenuated Transmission Reflectance (FTIR-ATR), Cyclic voltammetry (CV), Scanning electron microscopy-Energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDX), Atomic force microscope (AFM) and Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Capacitive behaviors of the modified GCE were defined via Nyquist, Bode-magnitude, Bode-phase and Capacitance plots. A modified copolymer electrode provides enhanced capacitance evaluation, which may results in performance in energy storage devices.TUBITAK (Scientific and Technological Reseach Council of Turkey) [110T791]The support of the TUBITAK (Scientific and Technological Reseach Council of Turkey) (110T791) is gratefully acknowledged. We also thank to Serhat Tikiz (Afyon Kocatepe University, Technology and Research Center, (TUAM), Afyon, Turkey) and Yakup Bakis (Fatih University, BINATAM, Istanbul, Turkey) for recording SEMEDX and AFM images, respectively