Influence of asymmetry and nodal planes on high-harmonic generation in heteronuclear molecules

The relation between high-harmonic spectra and the geometry of the molecular orbitals in position and momentum space is investigated. In particular we choose two isoelectronic pairs of homonuclear and heteronuclear molecules, such that the highest occupied molecular orbital of the former exhibit at least one nodal plane. The imprint of such planes is a strong suppression in the harmonic spectra, for particular alignment angles. We are able to identify two distinct types of nodal planes. If the nodal planes are determined by the atomic wavefunctions only, the angle for which the yield is suppressed will remain the same for both types of molecules. In contrast, if they are determined by the linear combination of atomic orbitals at different centers in the molecule, there will be a shift in the angle at which the suppression occurs for the heteronuclear molecules, with regard to their homonuclear counterpart. This shows that, in principle, molecular imaging, which uses the homonuclear molecule as a reference and enables one to observe the wavefunction distortions in its heteronuclear counterpart, is possible.Comment: 14 pages, 7 figures. Figs. 3, 5 and 6 have been simplified in order to comply with the arXiv size requirement

Excitation, two-center interference and the orbital geometry in laser-induced nonsequential double ionization of diatomic molecules

We address the influence of the molecular orbital geometry and of the molecular alignment with respect to the laser-field polarization on laser-induced nonsequential double ionization of diatomic molecules for different molecular species, namely $\mathrm{N}_2$ and $\mathrm{Li}_2$. We focus on the recollision excitation with subsequent tunneling ionization (RESI) mechanism, in which the first electron, upon return, promotes the second electron to an excited state, from where it subsequently tunnels. We show that the electron-momentum distributions exhibit interference maxima and minima due to the electron emission at spatially separated centers. We provide generalized analytical expressions for such maxima or minima, which take into account $s$ $p$ mixing and the orbital geometry. The patterns caused by the two-center interference are sharpest for vanishing alignment angle and get washed out as this parameter increases. Apart from that, there exist features due to the geometry of the lowest occupied molecular orbital (LUMO), which may be observed for a wide range of alignment angles. Such features manifest themselves as the suppression of probability density in specific momentum regions due to the shape of the LUMO wavefunction, or as an overall decrease in the RESI yield due to the presence of nodal planes.Comment: 11 pages revtex, 2 figure

Calagem e gessagem para o tomateiro e o meloeiro irrigados no Semi-Árido nordestino.

Instalou-se um experimento no Submédio São Francisco com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da calagem e gessagem na produtividade e qualidade do tomate e melão. O delineamento foi em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições e sete tratamentos: 1) testemunha; 2) 0,5 vezes a necessidade de calagem (N.C.) na forma de calcário (0,5 x N.C. -Ca); 3) 1 x N.C. - Ca; 4) 2 x N.C. -Ca; 5) 0,5 x N.C., na forma de 2/3 de calcário e 1/3 de gesso (0,5 x N.C. - CaGe); 6) 1 x N.C -CaGe ; 7) 2 x N.C. -CaGe. Não se verificou efeitos significativos sobre a produtividade do tomate e a qualidade do melão. Com aplicação de 2 t/ha de calcário (1 x N.C -Ca) obteve-se uma produtividade de melão de 22,52 t/ha, significativamente superior à da testemunha, 16,77 t/ha, e reduziu-se a podridão apical do tomate em 80,4% em relação à da testemunha.Suplemento 2

Disponibilidade e correcao do nivel de fosforo em solo do Submedio Sao Francisco em relacao ao rendimento do capim-bufel.

Estudou-se em um Podzolico Plintico do submedio Sao Francisco, relacao entre os teores de fosforo no solo e o rendimento do capim-bufel (Cenchrus ciliaris). Os diferentes teores foram criados por meio de adicao previa de quantidades crescentes de fosfato ao solo. De acordo com o rendimento relativo do capim, os teores de fosforo no solo foram classificados como: muito baixo, P ate 3,5 ppm; baixo, P de 3,6 ppm a 6,5 ppm e 3,6 ppm a 6,8 ppm; medio, P de 6,6 ppm a 10,5 ppm e 6,9 ppm a 10,0 ppm; alto, P de 10,6 ppm a 20 ppm e 10,1 ppm a 17,7 ppm; e muito alto, P superior a 20 ppm e 17,7 ppm pelos metodos de Mehlich e Bray 1, respectivamente. As doses de fosforo necessarias para corrigir o solo em cada um desses niveis, nessa mesma sequencia, seriam: 200, 150, 120, 50 e 0 kg/ha de P2O5. A exportacao de fosforo pela planta correspondeu a 24,9 kg/ha/ano de P2O5, na condicao de producao maxima de materia seca (8.700 kg/ha)

Vacuumless kinks systems from vacuum ones, an example

Some years ago, Cho and Vilenkin, introduced a model which presents topological solutions, despite not having degenerate vacua as is usually expected. Here we present a new model with topological defects, connecting degenerate vacua but which in a certain limit recovers precisely the one proposed originally by Cho and Vilenkin. In other words, we found a kind of parent model for the so called vacuumless model. Then the idea is extended to a model recently introduced by Bazeia et al. Finally, we trace some comments the case of the Liouville model.Comment: 11 pages, 4 figure

Fosfato parcialmente solubilizado em pastagem de capim-bufel no submedio Sao Francisco.

Em um podzolico plintico A fraco, com pH 6,2 e P 2,3 ppm, em Petrolina (PE), no periodo de 1982-86, estudou-se a influencia do fosfato Arafertil parcialmente solubilizado (FAPS), comparado com o superfosfato simples (SS) no rendimento do capim-buffel (Cenchrus ciliaris). Usou-se uma testemunha (sem adicao de fosforo) e aplicaram-se no primeiro ano os niveis de 100 e 200 kg/ha de P2O5 para ambas as fontes de P, com base no P soluvel em acido citrico do FAPS. Avaliou-se o P no solo, a produtividade de materia seca (MS) da forrageira e o equivalente a superfosfato simples (EqSS). Os teores de fosforo no solo extraidos pelos metodos Mehlich e Bray 1 nos tratamentos com SS e por Bray 1 nos tratamentos com FAPS, diminuiram, ao longo dos anos, e por Mehlich, nos tratamentos com FAPS, variaram irregularmente. Pelo Mehlich, a extracao de P foi maior nos tratamentos co FAPS do que com SS, e por Bray 1, isso nao se verificou. Nas parcelas com FAPA, a extracao de P foi maior pelo metodo Mehlich do que pelo Bray 1, enquando nas parcelas com SS nao ocorreram diferencas significativas. A analise de variancia dos dados de MS indicou uma resposta positiva da planta a aplicacao de fosforo ao solo, mas nao diferencas significativas entre as fontes de P. O EqSS do FAPS foi de 38,5%. Se o preco do FAPS, com base no fosforo soluvel em acido citrico, for igual ou inferior ao do SS, sera viavel seu uso na adubacao da pastagem de capim-buffel

Nonsequential Double Ionization with Polarization-gated Pulses

We investigate laser-induced nonsequential double ionization by a polarization-gated laser pulse, constructed employing two counter-rotating circularly polarized few cycle pulses with a time delay $T_{d}$. We address the problem within a classical framework, and mimic the behavior of the quantum-mechanical electronic wave packet by means of an ensemble of classical electron trajectories. These trajectories are initially weighted with the quasi-static tunneling rate, and with suitably chosen distributions for the momentum components parallel and perpendicular to the laser-field polarization, in the temporal region for which it is nearly linearly polarized. We show that, if the time delay $T_{d}$ is of the order of the pulse length, the electron-momentum distributions, as functions of the parallel momentum components, are highly asymmetric and dependent on the carrier-envelope (CE) phase. As this delay is decreased, this asymmetry gradually vanishes. We explain this behavior in terms of the available phase space, the quasi-static tunneling rate and the recollision rate for the first electron, for different sets of trajectories. Our results show that polarization-gating technique may provide an efficient way to study the NSDI dynamics in the single-cycle limit, without employing few-cycle pulses.Comment: 17 pages, 6 figure

Local dynamics in high-order harmonic generation using Bohmian trajectories

We investigate high-order harmonic generation from a Bohmian-mechanical perspective, and find that the innermost part of the core, represented by a single Bohmian trajectory, leads to the main contributions to the high-harmonic spectra. Using time-frequency analysis, we associate this central Bohmian trajectory to an ensemble of unbound classical trajectories leaving and returning to the core, in agreement with the three step model. In the Bohmian scenario, this physical picture builds up non-locally near the core via the quantum mechanical phase of the wavefunction. This implies that the flow of the wavefunction far from the core alters the central Bohmian trajectory. We also show how this phase degrades in time for the peripheral Bohmian trajectories as they leave the core region.Comment: 7 pages, 3 figures; the manuscript has been considerably extended and modified with regard to the previous version