Gene Editing Technology in the Treatment of Cancers and other Genetic Disorders

The field of molecular biology has been transformed by the development of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology, which has opened up previously unimaginable possibilities for the treatment of a variety of genetic diseases, including cancer. The development and potential uses of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology to treat cancer and other genetic disorders are summarized in this abstract.With the help of a The CRISPR/Cas9 system, which includes the Cas9 enzyme and guide RNA, precisely targets and modifies specific DNA sequences by directing Cas9 to a particular DNA sequence with the aid of a guide RNA molecule. This gene-editing tool is based on a natural bacterial defense mechanism and can perform modifications like gene knockout, gene insertion, or gene correction. The system allows for the selection of a specific DNA sequence based on location, function, or association with a particular gene or genetic trait. In particular, CRISPR/Cas9 technology holds great promise for understanding the underlying genetic mechanisms of tumorigenesis and devising innovative therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment. The detection and confirmation of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes is one use of CRISPR/Cas9 in cancer research. Researchers can clarify the functional roles of particular genes in the initiation and growth of tumors by methodically focusing on these genes in cancer cells. Our understanding of cancer biology is improved by this information, which also offers potential targets for therapeutic intervention. Additionally, CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing has demonstrated significant promise for the creation of individualized cancer treatments. This technology can disrupt or correct cancer-related mutations through targeted gene knockout or correction, potentially restoring regular cellular functions. In the realm of genetic diseases, CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing offers a revolutionary approach to correct disease-causing mutations. Researchers hope to create effective treatments by precisely identifying and altering the genetic flaws that cause various inherited disorders. However, before CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing is widely used in medicine, there are still a number of obstacles to overcome. The main areas that need more research and improvement include off-target effects, delivery methods, and ethical considerations. However, the rapid development and ongoing improvements in CRISPR/Cas9 technology hold great promise for the creation of precise and targeted treatments for cancer and genetic disorders

Peer review of the pesticide risk assessment of the active substance metalaxyl‐M (amendment of approval conditions)

Abstract The conclusions of the EFSA following the peer review of the initial risk assessments carried out by the competent authorities of the rapporteur Member State, Belgium, and co‐rapporteur Member State, Greece, for the pesticide active substance metalaxyl‐M are reported. The context of the peer review was that required by Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council. The conclusions were reached on the basis of the evaluation of the representative uses for the amendment to the conditions of approval of metalaxyl‐M as a fungicide seed treatment for sunflower and spinach seeds intended to be sown in field and on the basis of data submitted to update the specified level of an impurity in the technical active substance. The reliable endpoints, appropriate for use in regulatory risk assessment are presented. Missing information identified as being required by the regulatory framework is listed. Concerns are reported where identified

Peer review of the pesticide risk assessment of the active substance milbemectin

Abstract The conclusions of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) following the peer review of the initial risk assessment carried out by the competent authorities of the rapporteur Member State, Germany, and co‐rapporteur Member State, the Netherlands, for the pesticide active substance milbemectin are reported. The context of the peer review was that required by Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 844/2012, as amended by Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 2018/1659. The conclusions were reached on the basis of the evaluation of the representative uses of milbemectin as an acaricide and insecticide in strawberry (field and greenhouse), berries and black and white currant (field and greenhouse), apple, pear, cherry and plum (field) and ornamentals (field and greenhouse). The reliable end points, appropriate for use in regulatory risk assessment, are presented. Missing information identified as being required by the regulatory framework is listed. Concerns are reported where identified

Peer review of the pesticide risk assessment of the active substance metconazole

Abstract The conclusions of the EFSA following the peer review of the initial risk assessments carried out by the competent authorities of the rapporteur Member State, Belgium, and co‐rapporteur Member State, the United Kingdom, for the pesticide active substance are reported. The context of the peer review was that required by Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 844/2012, as amended by Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 2018/1659. The conclusions were reached on the basis of the evaluation of the representative uses of metconazole as a fungicide on cereals and oilseed rape and as a plant growth regulator on oilseed rape. The reliable end points appropriate for use in regulatory risk assessment are presented. Missing information identified as being required by the regulatory framework is listed. Concerns are reported where identified

Peer review of the pesticide risk assessment of the active substance tritosulfuron

Abstract The conclusions of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) following the peer review of the initial risk assessments carried out by the competent authorities of the rapporteur Member State, Slovenia, and co‐rapporteur Member State, Austria, for the pesticide active substance tritosulfuron are reported. The context of the peer review was that required by Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 844/2012, as amended by Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 2018/1659. The conclusions were reached on the basis of the evaluation of the representative uses of tritosulfuron as a herbicide on spring and winter cereals, spring cereals with undersown grasses and maize (field uses). The reliable end points, appropriate for use in regulatory risk assessment, are presented. Missing information identified as being required by the regulatory framework is listed. Concerns are reported where identified

Updated peer review of the pesticide risk assessment of the active substance dichlorprop‐P and variant dichlorprop‐P‐2‐ethylhexyl

Abstract The conclusions of the EFSA following the peer review of the initial risk assessments carried out by the competent authorities of the rapporteur Member State, Ireland, and co‐rapporteur Member State, Poland, for the pesticide active substance dichlorprop‐P and the variant dichlorprop‐P‐2‐ethylhexyl and the assessment of applications for maximum residue levels (MRLs) are reported. The context of the peer review was that required by Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 844/2012. The conclusions were reached on the basis of the evaluation of the representative uses of dichlorprop‐P as a herbicide on cereals, grassland and grass seed crops and of the variant dichlorprop‐P‐2‐ethylhexyl as a plant growth regulator on citrus. MRLs were assessed in mandarin and lemon. The conclusions from 2018 were updated in 2024 following the request from the European Commission with regard to the endocrine‐disrupting properties. The reliable end points, appropriate for use in regulatory risk assessment and the proposed MRLs, are presented. Missing information identified as being required by the regulatory framework is listed. Concerns are reported where identified

Updated peer review of the pesticide risk assessment of the active substance pydiflumetofen

Abstract The conclusions of the EFSA following the peer review of the initial risk assessments carried out by the competent authority of the rapporteur Member State, France, and co‐rapporteur Member State, Austria, for the pesticide active substance pydiflumetofen and the assessment of applications for maximum residue levels (MRLs) are reported. The context of the peer review was that required by Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council. The conclusions were reached on the basis of the evaluation of the representative uses of pydiflumetofen as a fungicide field application on pome fruits, grapes, potato, fruiting vegetables, cucurbits and Brassica vegetables and updated following the request from Commission to consider additional information submitted and review the risk assessment. The reliable endpoints, appropriate for use in regulatory risk assessment and the proposed MRLs, are presented. Missing information identified as being required by the regulatory framework is listed. Concerns are reported where identified

Updated peer review of the pesticide risk assessment of the active substance mepanipyrim

Abstract The conclusions of the EFSA following the peer review of the initial risk assessments carried out by the competent authorities of the rapporteur Member State, Belgium, and co‐rapporteur Member State, Greece, for the pesticide active substance mepanipyrim are reported. The context of the peer review was that required by Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 844/2012. The conclusions were reached on the basis of the evaluation of the representative uses of mepanipyrim as a fungicide on table and wine grapes and in field and protected strawberries and tomatoes. The conclusions were updated with regard to the endocrine‐disrupting properties following a mandate received from the European Commission in January 2019. The reliable end points appropriate for use in regulatory risk assessment are presented. Missing information identified as being required by the regulatory framework is listed. Concerns are reported where identified

Peer review of the pesticide risk assessment of the active substance quinolin‐8‐ol

Abstract The conclusions of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) following the peer review of the initial risk assessments carried out by the competent authorities of the rapporteur Member State, Spain, and co‐rapporteur Member State, the Netherlands, for the pesticide active substance quinolin‐8‐ol are reported. The context of the peer review was that required by Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 844/2012. The conclusions were reached on the basis of the evaluation of the representative use of quinolin‐8‐ol as a fungicide and bactericide against soil‐borne pathogens in tomato cultivation in permanent greenhouses applied by drip irrigation. The reliable end points, appropriate for use in regulatory risk assessment are presented. Missing information identified as being required by the regulatory framework is listed. Concerns are reported where identified