Ocorrência dos principais defeitos do café em várias fases de maturação dos frutos Occurrence of the main coffee beans deffects in several stages of ripening

A ocorrência dos principais defeitos do café - grãos de película verde, grãos prêtos e grãos ardidos - foi estudada nos anos de 1967 e 1968, em Campinas, colhendo-se plantas, mensalmente, de abril a março do ano seguinte. Em cada colheita a produção total foi separada nas frações frutos verdes, meio maduro, maduro, passa, sêco normal, "sêco anormal" e café do chão. Nessas frações foi determinada a presença dos referidos defeitos. O defeito, "grão verde", em várias tonalidades, foi encontrado com maior freqüência nas frações de frutos verdes e, em ordem decrescente, nas frações sêco anormal, meio maduro, maduro, passa, sêco normal e sêco do chão. Os dados mostram que os chamados grãos verdes na verdade não provêm exclusivamente de frutos colhidos verdes, pois ocorreram com freqüência em tôdas as frações estudadas. Os grãos ardidos tiveram freqüência mais elevada na fração sêco do chão e decresceram nas frações sêco normal, sêco anormal, verde, meio maduro, maduro e passa. Essa ocorrência, em tôdas as frações estudadas, indica que tal defeito deve resultar de várias causas, e não apenas de fermentações anormais, como geralmente é considerado. O defeito "grão prêto" apareceu com maior freqüência no café sêco do chão e, em ordem decrescente, nos frutos sêco normal e sêco anormal, não ocorrendo nas demais frações. Os resultados mostram a conveniência de colhêr apenas o café maduro, quando então se verificar a menor quantidade dos defeitos estudados. Sugerem também ser recomendável uma revisão na designação dos defeitos, a fim de evitar interpretações errôneas na classificação comercial.<br>The occurrence of green-coated beans, brown and black beans was studied in samples of green fruits, under-riped (plant stage) fully riped and over-riped berries, as well as in the normal and abnormal fruits which were dried on the trees and also in the fruits fallen on the ground. The samples were monthly collected during the year 1967 and 1968. The so-called abnormal dried fruits have a dull black exocarp, whereas the normal ones have bright black colored shells. The total production of three plants was harvested every month, separated according to the different ripening stages, and then, after drying, were shelled and the proportion of defective beans was scored. The data showed that the so-called green coated beans appear in significant proportions in all stages studied. The highest percentage of these was found in the unriped fruits and in the abnormal dried fruits. Its occurrence decreases as the fruits become more and more mature. The lowest percentage was found in the samples of dried fruits which had fallen on the ground. The green color is produced by the silver skin which retains the green pigment, probably chrolophyll. The brown beans appear more frequently in the fallen fruits and they also occur in a decreasing proportion in the normal and abnormal dried berries and from unriped to over-riped fruits. This type have been considered to be caused by over-fermentation, however our results indicate that it may have other causes, due to their appearance even in the unriped fruits. The high percentage of brown beans in the fruits dried on the tree indicates that the berries must be harvested in the cherry stage to have a high quality product. The black beans, characterized exclusively by the black endosperm, were more frequently found in the berries dried on the tree or in the dried fruits fallen on the ground. It seems reasonable to assume that the black beans represent a more advanced stage of deterioration of the endosperm. The initial stages would, probably, be characterized by the different shades of brown. Based on these findings it is proposed a revision on the defective beans nomenclature in Brazil. Considering the Brazilian system of coffee classification it was suggested that for the nomenclature of the defective beans more emphasis should be made in the origin of such defects rather than in the general aspect of the beans

Tecnologia da informação na gestão da cadeia de suprimentos: o caso da indústria gases Impact of information technology in supply chain: the case of the gas industry

A Tecnologia da Informação (TI) contribui para tornar a logística mais eficiente e efetiva na geração de valor para as empresas. Como resultado, são inúmeros os sistemas de TI disponíveis para a aplicação na logística. Entretanto, os profissionais de logística nem sempre têm conhecimento sobre o melhor sistema a adotar segundo as características da cadeia de suprimentos. Este é um problema que, se não for eliminado, poderá impedir a materialização das promessas trazidas pela combinação do conceito de gestão da cadeia de suprimentos (SCM) e TI. Assim, o escopo desta pesquisa consiste em identificar as principais tecnologias de informação empregadas na gestão da cadeia de suprimentos do setor de gases industriais. Seis variáveis estratégicas - Integração, Custos de Armazenagem, Custos de Movimentação, Velocidade, Competitividade e Coordenação Interorganizacional - são empregadas para analisar os impactos do investimento em TI na SCM de gases industriais. Os resultados indicam que a variável estratégica organizacional Integração tem maior impacto sobre o uso da TI, seguida pela Competitividade, Custos de Transporte e Velocidade.<br>Information Technology (IT) contributes towards making logistics more efficient and effective in the generation of value within a company. As a result, there are numerous IT systems available for application in logistics. However, logistics managers do not always have the expertise required in order to select the most appropriate IT system in relation to the characteristics of a given supply chain. This problem threatens to undermine the benefits offered by the concept of supply chain management (SCM) in conjunction with IT. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to identify the main IT systems used in SCM within the gas industry. Six strategic organizational variables: Integration, Warehousing Costs, Transportation Costs, Speed of Transportation, Competitiveness, and Interorganizational Coordination were used to analyze the impacts of IT investments on SCM in the industrial gas sector. The findings indicate that Integration, as a strategic organizational variable, undergoes the greatest impact with the use of IT, being followed by Competitiveness, Transportation Costs and Speed of Transportation

Heteromeric Solute Carriers: Function, Structure, Pathology and Pharmacology

Solute carriers form one of three major superfamilies of membrane transporters in humans, and include uniporters, exchangers and symporters. Following several decades of molecular characterisation, multiple solute carriers that form obligatory heteromers with unrelated subunits are emerging as a distinctive principle of membrane transporter assembly. Here we comprehensively review experimentally established heteromeric solute carriers: SLC3-SLC7 amino acid exchangers, SLC16 monocarboxylate/H+ symporters and basigin/embigin, SLC4A1 (AE1) and glycophorin A exchanger, SLC51 heteromer Ost α-Ost β uniporter, and SLC6 heteromeric symporters. The review covers the history of the heteromer discovery, transporter physiology, structure, disease associations and pharmacology - all with a focus on the heteromeric assembly. The cellular locations, requirements for complex formation, and the functional role of dimerization are extensively detailed, including analysis of the first complete heteromer structures, the SLC7-SLC3 family transporters LAT1-4F2hc, b0,+AT-rBAT and the SLC6 family heteromer B0AT1-ACE2. We present a systematic analysis of the structural and functional aspects of heteromeric solute carriers and conclude with common principles of their functional roles and structural architecture