Raleio químico: balanço de carboidratos na cultura da macieira.

Abusca constante do agricultor é sempre por maior lucratividade na sua atividade. Essa lucratividade pode ser alcançada aumentando a produtividade, melhorando a qualidade da produção e, melhor ainda, através de ambas. Nos sistemas de economia globalizada da atualidade, onde a competitividade está sempre presente, a busca por maior produtividade deve sempre estar associada à alta qualidade. O raleio se insere neste contexto como uma das práticas culturais mais importantes, com influência direta na produtividade e na qualidade dos frutos (Camilo e Pereira, 2006). O raleio é comercialmente realizado a fim de maximizar o valor das culturas por meio da otimização do tamanho dos frutos, a coloração, a forma e a qualidade dos frutos destinados a comercialização, bem como promover o retorno da floração e reduzir o vigor da parte aérea das plantas (Byers, 2003).bitstream/item/200832/1/13850-2012-p.24.pd

Produtividade e características física de frutos de macieira com aplicação de extrato de alga e fertilizante orgânico.

O objetivo do trabalho foi comparar o extrato da alga marinha (Ascophyllum nodosum) e a adubação foliar (micronutrientes) na produção e qualidade física de frutos de macieira. O experimento foi conduzido em Vacaria, RS durante a safra 201112012, na cultivar MaxiGala sobre o portaenxerto de M.9.Resumo

Pd-Fe/SiO2 Catalysts in the Hydrogenation of 2,4-Dinitrotoluene

Pd-Fe/SiO2 bimetallic catalysts with a constant amount of Pd and a different Fe/Pd ratio were prepared by sequential wet mpregnation and the hydrogenation of 2,4-dinitrotoluene was arried out at 25'C in a batch reactor. The presence of Fe nhances the Pd catalytic activity. The formation of a disperse Pd-Fe alloy was evidenced through X-ray powder diffraction nd is consistent with the data observed by FTIR analysis, TPR, nd chemisorption features. The increase of the Fe total conten f the catalysts results in the increase of the dispersion of the metallic phase and in the presence of partially oxidized Fe pecies. FTIR analysis shows that nitrocompounds chemisorb mainly on the support rather than on the metal surface. It is uggested that the Pd-Fe alloy formation is responsible for the ncrease of the catalytic activity because of a cooperative effect of Fe in the hydrogen transfer step

Interplay between genetic predisposition, macronutrient intake and type 2 diabetes incidence: analysis within EPIC-InterAct across eight European countries

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Gene-macronutrient interactions may contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes but research evidence to date is inconclusive. We aimed to increase our understanding of the aetiology of type 2 diabetes by investigating potential interactions between genes and macronutrient intake and their association with the incidence of type 2 diabetes. METHODS: We investigated the influence of interactions between genetic risk scores (GRSs) for type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance and BMI and macronutrient intake on the development of type 2 diabetes in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-InterAct, a prospective case-cohort study across eight European countries (N = 21,900 with 9742 incident type 2 diabetes cases). Macronutrient intake was estimated from diets reported in questionnaires, including proportion of energy derived from total carbohydrate, protein, fat, plant and animal protein, saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fat and dietary fibre. Using multivariable-adjusted Cox regression, we estimated country-specific interaction results on the multiplicative scale, using random-effects meta-analysis. Secondary analysis used isocaloric macronutrient substitution. RESULTS: No interactions were identified between any of the three GRSs and any macronutrient intake, with low-to-moderate heterogeneity between countries (I2range 0-51.6%). Results were similar using isocaloric macronutrient substitution analyses and when weighted and unweighted GRSs and individual SNPs were examined. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Genetic susceptibility to type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance and BMI did not modify the association between macronutrient intake and incident type 2 diabetes. This suggests that macronutrient intake recommendations to prevent type 2 diabetes do not need to account for differences in genetic predisposition to these three metabolic conditions

Plasma Elaidic Acid Level as Biomarker of Industrial Trans Fatty Acids and Risk of Weight Change: Report from the EPIC Study

Background Few epidemiological studies have examined the association between dietary trans fatty acids and weight gain, and the evidence remains inconsistent. The main objective of the study was to investigate the prospective association between biomarker of industrial trans fatty acids and change in weight within the large study European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort. Methods Baseline plasma fatty acid concentrations were determined in a representative EPIC sample from the 23 participating EPIC centers. A total of 1,945 individuals were followed for a median of 4.9 years to monitor weight change. The association between elaidic acid level and percent change of weight was investigated using a multinomial logistic regression model, adjusted by length of follow-up, age, energy, alcohol, smoking status, physical activity, and region. Results In women, doubling elaidic acid was associated with a decreased risk of weight loss (odds ratio (OR) = 0.69, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.55-0.88, p = 0.002) and a trend was observed with an increased risk of weight gain during the 5-year follow-up (OR = 1.23, 95% CI = 0.97-1.56, p = 0.082) (p-trend<.0001). In men, a trend was observed for doubling elaidic acid level and risk of weight loss (OR = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.66-1.01, p = 0.062) while no significant association was found with risk of weight gain during the 5-year follow-up (OR = 1.08, 95% CI = 0.88-1.33, p = 0.454). No association was found for saturated and cis-monounsaturated fatty acids. Conclusions These data suggest that a high intake of industrial trans fatty acids may decrease the risk of weight loss, particularly in women. Prevention of obesity should consider limiting the consumption of highly processed foods, the main source of industrially-produced trans fatty acids