Investigation on tranport and mixing processes of water pollutants: an assessment of effluents from some industries in Kano - Nigeria

Effluents from industries are one of the major factors contributing to the deterioration and pollution of water quality in Nigeria. Analysis and assessment of the transport and mixing processes of water effluents from some of the industries in Kano state-Nigeria are investigated using standard method of analysis and Buck Scientific Model Atomic Absorption Spectrometer for heavy metals. Effluents from the industries are transported from point sources to single stream. The analysis was meant to detect the presence of Na2CO3, Mg, TDS, Ca, Fe, Pb, PO4, K, Na, and , SO4. The pH of the effluents was also evaluated. Water samples were taken at three different points along the streams from each site. The results showed that pH value varied significantly among sampling locations which ranged from 7.0 -13 whereas, the total dissolved solid (TDS) was between 5.12  - 1177ppm. Phosphate level ranges between 1.12 - 4.08mg/l. Carbonate level from all the industries ranges between 4. to 10.8mg/l which far exceed the recommended standard value of 0.007mg/l. Sulphate level ranges between 20.4 - 47.6mg/l. The results showed that sodium level from all the samples ranges between 18.7 - 31.8mg/l while calcium level ranges between 1.3 to 3.2mg/l. It was also observed that the values of lead from all the samples ranges between 0.011- 0.160 ppm while that of magnesium ranges between 12- 41 ppm. Iron level is mostly greater than the 12 recommended range of 0.2mg/l and 0.3mg/l set by WHO and SON respectively. It was observed that the concentration of some of the pollutants increases as the water flow from the point source to the next stage as a result of the mixing processes of effluents coming from different sources while some decreases due to the sedimentation of the pollutants along the way as they are being transported from one point to another.Keywords: Industrial effluents, Water Quality, Mixing Process, Pollution, Physiochemicalparameters, Transport of pollutants

Evaluations of Reactions Cross Section of Radionuclide by Particles Induced Nuclear Reactions using Exifon Code

 In this work the reaction cross section for the production radionuclide of and  isotopesfrom bismuth-208 were calculated using EXIFON code in the energy range from 0 MeV to 30 MeV. The code is based on an analytical model for statistical multistep direct and multistep compound reactions (SMD/SMC model).The results obtained shows that production ofTlis not observed at this energy range because the interaction cross section is zero, and also the excitation functions for the production of Tl-205 and Tl-204 were obtained.

An analysis of air pollution at some industrial areas of Kano using the AERMOD Model

The effect of pollution on air quality has been a concern for mankind for a long time. In some cases the problem is essentially one of local emissions in a given urban area leading to an adverse effect on air quality in that same area. However, in the general case, the problem is more diverse in that the problem of air pollution has multiplicity effects beyond the point source and these effects are dynamic in nature. Such effects are usually evaluated using dynamical equations. In this study, a comprehensive review on effect of air polluting variables was described on the basis of evaluation of formulation equations of the American Meteorological Society and U.S. Environmental protection Agency Regulatory Model (AERMOD view 9.6.5). The AERMOD model was also used to simulate the dispersion and deposition of the hourly and daily H2S and NO2 concentrations from two domains: Challawa and Sharada industrial estates /areas respectively. The AERMOD model evaluation showed that there was good correlation between the modelled and observed H2S concentration for the daily and hourly comparison at Challawa  (0.53 and 0.91 respectively) but the daily and hourly comparison of H2S at Sharada (0.13 and 0.46 respectively) was seen to drop indicating poor correlation and model skill. However, model evaluation of NO2 shows poor agreements and model skill at Challawa as well as daily comparison at Sharada. However, the modelling shows good agreement (R2= 0.64) in the trend for the hourly value modelled versus observed concentrations at Sharada. Moreover, the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) for the two pollutants (H2S and NO2) at all the two domains indicates highly accurate result for both daily and hourly concentrations. AERMOD software can therefore be used to estimate the dispersion and deposition of the pollutants at some domains considered in this study. Key Words: AERMOD model, Air pollutant, Industrial sources, Dispersion and Depositio

Effect of vacancy on the formation energy, density of state, electronic charge density and band structure of silicon FCC using DFT

Study of defect have become basic in the calculation of properties of solids. Silicon crystal is one of the most industrially promising crystal and commercially profitable. Quantum espresso code whichuses plane wave and pseudo potential was used to optimize the structure and calculate the electronic properties of silicon face centered cubic. 40 Ry, and 10.4Ry were found to be the optimized parameters of the cut-off kinetic energy, k-point and lattice constant respectively. 3.02, 3.2 and 3.1 eV were respectively found to be the formation energy obtained using BLYP, PBE and LDA exchange functional. About 0.46 eV and 0.47 eV energy gaps was observed from the density of state and band structure respectively of defect-free silicon. Also uniform electronic charge density was observed