88 research outputs found
Colossal dielectric permittivity of BaTiO3-based nanocrystalline ceramics sintered by spark plasma sintering
In pursuit of high permittivity materials for electronic application, there has been a considerable interest recently in the dielectric properties of various perovskite oxides like calcium copper titanate or lanthanum doped barium titanate. When processed in a particular way, this later material present at ambient temperature and at f=1 kHz unusual interesting dielectric properties, a so called “colossal” permittivity value up to several 106 with relatively low dielectric losses. Moreover and contrary to what is classically expected and evidenced for this type of materials, no temperature dependence is observed. This behavior is observed in nanopowders based ceramics. An assumption to explain the observed properties is proposed. These results have important technological applications, since these nanoceramics open a new route to the fabrication of very thin dielectric films
Thermodynamic Description of the Relaxation of Two-Dimensional Euler Turbulence Using Tsallis Statistics
Euler turbulence has been experimentally observed to relax to a
metaequilibrium state that does not maximize the Boltzmann entropy, but rather
seems to minimize enstrophy. We show that a recent generalization of
thermodynamics and statistics due to Tsallis is capable of explaining this
phenomenon in a natural way. The maximization of the generalized entropy
for this system leads to precisely the same profiles predicted by the
Restricted Minimum Enstrophy theory of Huang and Driscoll. This makes possible
the construction of a comprehensive thermodynamic description of Euler
turbulence.Comment: 15 pages, RevTe
Making things happen : a model of proactive motivation
Being proactive is about making things happen, anticipating and preventing problems, and seizing opportunities. It involves self-initiated efforts to bring about change in the work environment and/or oneself to achieve a different future. The authors develop existing perspectives on this topic by identifying proactivity as a goal-driven process involving both the setting of a proactive goal (proactive goal generation) and striving to achieve that proactive goal (proactive goal striving). The authors identify a range of proactive goals that individuals can pursue in organizations. These vary on two dimensions: the future they aim to bring about (achieving a better personal fit within one’s work environment, improving the organization’s internal functioning, or enhancing the organization’s strategic fit with its environment) and whether the self or situation is being changed. The authors then identify “can do,” “reason to,” and “energized to” motivational states that prompt proactive goal generation and sustain goal striving. Can do motivation arises from perceptions of self-efficacy, control, and (low) cost. Reason to motivation relates to why someone is proactive, including reasons flowing from intrinsic, integrated, and identified motivation. Energized to motivation refers to activated positive affective states that prompt proactive goal processes. The authors suggest more distal antecedents, including individual differences (e.g., personality, values, knowledge and ability) as well as contextual variations in leadership, work design, and interpersonal climate, that influence the proactive motivational states and thereby boost or inhibit proactive goal processes. Finally, the authors summarize priorities for future researc
School-Based Programs to Reduce Bullying and Victimization
School bullying has serious short-term and long-term effects on children’s physical
and mental health. Various anti-bullying programs have been implemented world
wide and, more rarely, evaluated. Previous narrative reviews, summarizing the work
done on bullying prevention, as well as previous meta-analyses of anti-bullying
programs, are limited. The definition of school bullying includes several key
elements: physical, verbal, or psychological attack or intimidation that is intended
to cause fear, distress, or harm to the victim; an imbalance of power (psychological
or physical), with a more powerful child (or children) oppressing less powerful ones;
and repeated incidents between the same children over a prolonged period. School
bullying can occur in school or on the way to or from school. It is not bullying when
two persons of the same strength (physical, psychological, or verbal) victimize each
other. This report presents a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effectiveness of
programs designed to reduce school bullying perpetration and victimization (i.e.
being bullied). The authors indicate the pitfalls of previous reviews and explain in
detail how the present systematic review and meta-analysis addresses the gaps in
the existing literature on bullying prevention
Influences de la sylviculture sur le risque de dégâts biotiques et abiotiques dans les peuplements forestiers
Towards novel multiferroic and magnetoelectric materials: Dipole stability in tetragonal tungsten bronzes
We discuss the strategy for development of novel functional materials with the tetragonal tungsten bronze structure. From the starting composition Ba 6GaNb9O30, the effect of A- and B-site substitutions on the dielectric properties is used to develop an understanding of the origin and stability of the dipolar response in these compounds. Both tetragonal strain induced by large B-site cations and local strain variations created by isovalent A-site substitutions enhance dipole stability but result in a dilute, weakly correlated dipolar response and canonical relaxor behaviour. Decreasing cation size at the perovskite A2-site increases the dipolar displacements in the surrounding octahedra, but insufficiently to result in dipole ordering. Mechanisms introducing small A-site lanthanide cations and incorporation of A-site vacancies to induce ferroelectricity and magnetism are presented. © 2014 The Author(s)
High temperature phase transitions in BiFeO3
The high temperature phases of BiFeO3 have courted much controversy with many conflicting structural models reported, in particular for the paraelectric ?-phase. High temperature powder neutron diffraction (PND) experiments indicate that the ferroelectric (R3c) ?-phase transforms to the paraelectric ?-phase at approximately 820°C via a first order phase transition. We demonstrate that this phase is unambiguously orthorhombic, adopting the GdFeO3 structure-type with a space group Pbnm. On further heating BiFeO3 undergoes another first order phase transition (?-?) at approximately 930°C which is marked by a discontinuous decrease in cell volume consistent with an insulator-metal transition. Close inspection of the PND data show no evidence of any symmetry change, with the postulated ?-phase remaining orthorhombic Pbnm. In addition we present PND and impedance spectroscopy data for BiFeO3 which suggest that the so-called 'Polomska' transition observed by some authors at approximately 185°C is not intrinsic
Intrinsic dielectric response in ferroelectric nano-capacitors
Measurements on 'free-standing' single-crystal barium titanate capacitors with thickness down to 75 nm show a dielectric response typical of large single crystals, rather than conventional thin films. There is a notable absence of any broadening or temperature shift of the dielectric peak or loss tangent. Peak dielectric constants of similar to25 000 are observed, and Curie-Weiss analysis demonstrates first order transformation behaviour. This is in dramatic contrast to results on conventionally deposited thin film capacitor heterostructures, which show large dielectric peak broadening and temperature shifts (e.g. Parker et al 2002 Appl. Phys. Lett. 81 340), as well as an apparent change in the nature-of the paraelectric-ferroelectric transition from first to second order. Our data are compatible with a recent model by Bratkovsky and Levanyuk (2004 Preprint cond-mat/0402100), which attributes dielectric peak broadening to gradient terms that will exist in any thin film capacitor heterostructure. The observed recovery of first order transformation behaviour is consistent with the absence of significant substrate clamping in our experiment, as modelled by Pertsev et al (1998,Phys. Rev. Lett. 80 1988), and illustrates that the second order behaviour seen in conventionally deposited thin films cannot be attributed to the effects of reduced dimensionality in the system, nor to the influence of an intrinsic universal interfacial capacitance associated with the electrode-ferroelectric interface.</p
Use of the ``Mist'' (liquid source) deposition system to produce new high-dielectric devices: Ferroelectric-filled photonic crystals and HF-oxide and related buffer layers for ferroelectric-gate FETs
We describe the application of misted chemical solution deposition (CSD) techniques to processing of ferroelectric-filled porous silicon photonic devices and of novel precursor medium- and high-dielectric constant films for gate oxide and memory applications. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.</p
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