Influence of Ultraviolet Radiation Exposure Time on Styrene-Ethylene-Butadiene-Styrene (SEBS) Copolymer

[EN] The effect of ultraviolet radiation on styrene-ethylene-butadiene-styrene (SEBS) has been studied at different exposures times in order to obtain a better understanding of the mechanism of ageing. The polymer materials were mechanically tested and then their surfaces were analyzed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Moreover, the optical analysis of contact angle (OCA) was used to evaluate the surface energy (gamma(s)) and the yellowing index (YI) and attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) were used to observe structural and physical changes in aging SEBS. The results obtained for the SEBS, in relation to the duration of exposure, showed superficial changes that cause a decrease in the surface energy (gamma(s)) and, therefore, a decrease in surface roughness. This led to a reduction in mechanical performance, decreasing the tensile strength by about 50% for exposure times of around 200 hours.This work was supported by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) grant number MAT2017-84909-C2-2-R). Daniel Garcia-Garcia acknowledges Generalitat Valenciana (GVA) for financial support through a postdoctoral contract (APOSTD/2019/201).Garcia-Garcia, D.; Crespo, J.; Parres, F.; Samper, M. (2020). Influence of Ultraviolet Radiation Exposure Time on Styrene-Ethylene-Butadiene-Styrene (SEBS) Copolymer. Polymers. 12(4):1-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12040862S114124Picchioni, F., Giorgi, I., Passaglia, E., Ruggeri, G., & Aglietto, M. (2001). Blending of styrene-block-butadiene-block-styrene copolymer with sulfonated vinyl aromatic polymers. Polymer International, 50(6), 714-721. doi:10.1002/pi.692Zhu, J., Birgisson, B., & Kringos, N. (2014). Polymer modification of bitumen: Advances and challenges. 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Comparative study of the presence of latex and polychloroprene in the behavior of sintered powder EPDMCR, ethylene-propylenediene-monomer crumb rubber

In this work, the mechanical behavior of sintered waste material of ethylene-propylene-diene-monomer crumb rubber (EPDMCR) is analyzed, optimizing the temperature and compression pressure. The results obtained showed that an increase in temperature and compression pressure gives a significant improvement in the mechanical properties of the material. We later mixed the EPDMCR particles with different percentages of adhesives with the aim of further improving the mechanical performance obtained from the sintered particles. The adhesives used in this study were latex and polychloroprene, and the optimum mechanical performance obtained came from mixes with polychloroprene, using a mix with 50% adhesive. The study was concluded with an analysis of images of the material using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), in order to observe the EPDMCR-adhesive interaction.Crespo Amorós, JE.; Parres, F.; Nadal Gisbert, AV. (2012). Comparative study of the presence of latex and polychloroprene in the behavior of sintered powder EPDMCR, ethylene-propylenediene-monomer crumb rubber. Journal of Elastomers and Plastics. 44(2):127-144. doi:10.1177/0095244311418318S127144442Osman, H., Ismail, H., & Mariatti, M. (2007). The Effect of Recycled Newspaper Content and Size on the Properties of Polypropylene (PP)/Natural Rubber (NR) Composites. Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering, 47(1), 23-29. doi:10.1080/03602550701575961Crespo, J. E., Parres, F., & Nadal, A. (2009). Mechanical behavior analysis of sintered products of natural rubber crumb rubber (NRCR) using adhesives. Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik, 40(3), 211-217. doi:10.1002/mawe.200900429Setua, D. K., & Gupta, Y. N. (2007). On the use of micro thermal analysis to characterize compatibility of nitrile rubber blends. 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Application of a new modified epoxy adhesive for bonding fluorine rubber to metal. Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, 21(15), 1483-1496. doi:10.1163/156856107782844792Smitthipong, W., Nardin, M., Schultz, J., & Suchiva, K. (2007). Adhesion and self-adhesion of rubbers, crosslinked by electron beam irradiation. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, 27(5), 352-357. doi:10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2006.09.010Colom, X., Carrillo, F., & Cañavate, J. (2007). Composites reinforced with reused tyres: Surface oxidant treatment to improve the interfacial compatibility. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 38(1), 44-50. doi:10.1016/j.compositesa.2006.01.022Liu, L., Luo, Y., Jia, D., Fu, W., & Guo, B. (2006). Structure and Properties of Natural Rubber-Organoclay Nanocomposites Prepared by Grafting and Intercalating Method in Latex. Journal of Elastomers & Plastics, 38(2), 147-161. doi:10.1177/0095244306057425Budrugeac, P. (2001). 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Macromolecules, 35(12), 4616-4627. doi:10.1021/ma012110bGriffith, A. A. (1921). The Phenomena of Rupture and Flow in Solids. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 221(582-593), 163-198. doi:10.1098/rsta.1921.000

Study of the Properties of a Biodegradable Polymer Filled with DierentWood Flour Particles

[EN] Lignocellulosic wood flour particles with three different sizes were used to reinforce Solanyl® type bioplastic in three compositions (10, 20, and 30 wt.%) and further processed by melt-extrusion and injection molding to simulate industrial conditions. The wood flour particles were morphologically and granulometric analyzed to evaluate their use as reinforcing filler. The Fuller method on wood flour particles was successfully applied and the obtained results were subsequently corroborated by the mechanical characterization. The rheological studies allowed observing how the viscosity was affected by the addition of wood flour and to recover information about the processing conditions of the biocomposites. Results suggest that all particles can be employed in extrusion processes (shear rate less than 1000 s¿1 ). However, under injection molding conditions, biocomposites with high percentages of wood flour or excessively large particles may cause an increase in defective injected-parts due to obstruction of the gate in the mold. From a processing point of view and based on the biocomposites performance, the best combination resulted in Solanyl® type biopolymer reinforced with wood flour particles loaded up to 20 wt.% of small and medium particles size. The obtained biocomposites are of interest for injected molding parts for several industrial applications.Parres, F.; Peydro, MA.; Juárez Varón, D.; Arrieta, MP.; Aldas, M. (2020). Study of the Properties of a Biodegradable Polymer Filled with DierentWood Flour Particles. Polymers. 12(12):1-24. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12122974124121

Panels of eco-friendly materials for architectural acoustics

[EN] The objective of this work is to study the acoustic and mechanical properties of environmentally friendly materials manufactured through the process of resin infusion made from different types of fibres: some are biodegradable obtained from renewable resources and others from recycled textile waste. The materials studied are composed of fibres of jute, hemp, coconut, biaxial linen and textile waste. The modulus of elasticity and the airborne sound insulation are determined through dynamic and acoustic tests, respectively. The behaviour of these innovative materials is compared to some traditional materials commonly used in architectural acoustics. The acoustic study of these environmentally friendly materials is carried out considering them as light elements of a single layer for their application to insulation of walls. The results are compared to plasterboards, considered as the most commonly used light material in buildings for airborne sound insulation. In conclusion, these materials are a real and effective alternative to the traditional composites of synthetic matrices and reinforcements of glass fibres and there is a reduction in the production cost compared to the usual porous synthetic media that have expensive production processes.Fontoba-Ferrándiz, J.; Juliá Sanchis, E.; Crespo, J.; Segura Alcaraz, JG.; Gadea Borrell, JM.; Parres, F. (2020). Panels of eco-friendly materials for architectural acoustics. Journal of Composite Materials. 54(25):3743-3753. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998320918914S374337535425Yahya, M. N., Sambu, M., Latif, H. A., & Junaid, T. M. (2017). A study of Acoustics Performance on Natural Fibre Composite. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 226, 012013. doi:10.1088/1757-899x/226/1/012013Putra, A., Or, K. H., Selamat, M. Z., Nor, M. J. M., Hassan, M. H., & Prasetiyo, I. (2018). Sound absorption of extracted pineapple-leaf fibres. Applied Acoustics, 136, 9-15. doi:10.1016/j.apacoust.2018.01.029Dunne, R., Desai, D., & Sadiku, R. (2017). Material characterization of blended sisal-kenaf composites with an ABS matrix. Applied Acoustics, 125, 184-193. doi:10.1016/j.apacoust.2017.03.022Mohanty, A. K., Misra, M., & Hinrichsen, G. (2000). Biofibres, biodegradable polymers and biocomposites: An overview. Macromolecular Materials and Engineering, 276-277(1), 1-24. doi:10.1002/(sici)1439-2054(20000301)276:13.0.co;2-wLuckachan, G. E., & Pillai, C. K. S. (2011). Biodegradable Polymers- A Review on Recent Trends and Emerging Perspectives. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 19(3), 637-676. doi:10.1007/s10924-011-0317-1Belakroum, R., Gherfi, A., Kadja, M., Maalouf, C., Lachi, M., El Wakil, N., & Mai, T. H. (2018). Design and properties of a new sustainable construction material based on date palm fibers and lime. Construction and Building Materials, 184, 330-343. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.06.196Sèbe, G. (2000). Applied Composite Materials, 7(5/6), 341-349. doi:10.1023/a:1026538107200Yates, M. R., & Barlow, C. Y. (2013). Life cycle assessments of biodegradable, commercial biopolymers—A critical review. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 78, 54-66. doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2013.06.010Rouison, D., Sain, M., & Couturier, M. (2006). Resin transfer molding of hemp fiber composites: optimization of the process and mechanical properties of the materials. Composites Science and Technology, 66(7-8), 895-906. doi:10.1016/j.compscitech.2005.07.040Sreekumar, P. A., Joseph, K., Unnikrishnan, G., & Thomas, S. (2007). A comparative study on mechanical properties of sisal-leaf fibre-reinforced polyester composites prepared by resin transfer and compression moulding techniques. Composites Science and Technology, 67(3-4), 453-461. doi:10.1016/j.compscitech.2006.08.025Rassmann, S., Reid, R. G., & Paskaramoorthy, R. (2010). Effects of processing conditions on the mechanical and water absorption properties of resin transfer moulded kenaf fibre reinforced polyester composite laminates. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 41(11), 1612-1619. doi:10.1016/j.compositesa.2010.07.009Vijay, R., & Singaravelu, D. L. (2016). Experimental investigation on the mechanical properties ofCyperus pangoreifibers and jute fiber-based natural fiber composites. International Journal of Polymer Analysis and Characterization, 21(7), 617-627. doi:10.1080/1023666x.2016.1192354Williams, G. I. (2000). Applied Composite Materials, 7(5/6), 421-432. doi:10.1023/a:1026583404899O’Donnell, A., Dweib, M. ., & Wool, R. . (2004). Natural fiber composites with plant oil-based resin. Composites Science and Technology, 64(9), 1135-1145. doi:10.1016/j.compscitech.2003.09.024Tran, P., Graiver, D., & Narayan, R. (2006). Biocomposites synthesized from chemically modified soy oil and biofibers. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 102(1), 69-75. doi:10.1002/app.22265Liu, Q., & Hughes, M. (2008). The fracture behaviour and toughness of woven flax fibre reinforced epoxy composites. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 39(10), 1644-1652. doi:10.1016/j.compositesa.2008.07.008Scarponi, C., Pizzinelli, C. S., Sánchez-Sáez, S., & Barbero, E. (2009). Impact Load Behaviour of Resin Transfer Moulding (RTM) Hemp Fibre Composite Laminates. Journal of Biobased Materials and Bioenergy, 3(3), 298-310. doi:10.1166/jbmb.2009.1040Dahy, H. (2017). Biocomposite materials based on annual natural fibres and biopolymers – Design, fabrication and customized applications in architecture. Construction and Building Materials, 147, 212-220. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.04.079Saba, N., Paridah, M. T., & Jawaid, M. (2015). Mechanical properties of kenaf fibre reinforced polymer composite: A review. Construction and Building Materials, 76, 87-96. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.11.043Senthilkumar, K., Saba, N., Rajini, N., Chandrasekar, M., Jawaid, M., Siengchin, S., & Alotman, O. Y. (2018). Mechanical properties evaluation of sisal fibre reinforced polymer composites: A review. Construction and Building Materials, 174, 713-729. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.04.143Alves, C., Ferrão, P. M. C., Silva, A. J., Reis, L. G., Freitas, M., Rodrigues, L. B., & Alves, D. E. (2010). Ecodesign of automotive components making use of natural jute fiber composites. Journal of Cleaner Production, 18(4), 313-327. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2009.10.022Van Vuure, A. W., Baets, J., Wouters, K., & Hendrickx, K. (2015). Compressive properties of natural fibre composites. Materials Letters, 149, 138-140. doi:10.1016/j.matlet.2015.01.158Galan-Marin, C., Rivera-Gomez, C., & Garcia-Martinez, A. (2016). Use of Natural-Fiber Bio-Composites in Construction versus Traditional Solutions: Operational and Embodied Energy Assessment. Materials, 9(6), 465. doi:10.3390/ma9060465Bogoeva-Gaceva, G., Avella, M., Malinconico, M., Buzarovska, A., Grozdanov, A., Gentile, G., & Errico, M. E. (2007). Natural fiber eco-composites. Polymer Composites, 28(1), 98-107. doi:10.1002/pc.20270Peng, L., Song, B., Wang, J., & Wang, D. (2015). Mechanic and Acoustic Properties of the Sound-Absorbing Material Made from Natural Fiber and Polyester. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, 2015, 1-5. doi:10.1155/2015/274913Benfratello, S., Capitano, C., Peri, G., Rizzo, G., Scaccianoce, G., & Sorrentino, G. (2013). Thermal and structural properties of a hemp–lime biocomposite. Construction and Building Materials, 48, 745-754. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.07.096Adekomaya, O., Jamiru, T., Sadiku, R., & Huan, Z. (2015). A review on the sustainability of natural fiber in matrix reinforcement – A practical perspective. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 35(1), 3-7. doi:10.1177/0731684415611974Kadam, A., Pawar, M., Yemul, O., Thamke, V., & Kodam, K. (2015). Biodegradable biobased epoxy resin from karanja oil. Polymer, 72, 82-92. doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2015.07.002Yan, L., Chouw, N., & Jayaraman, K. (2014). Flax fibre and its composites – A review. Composites Part B: Engineering, 56, 296-317. doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2013.08.014Wambua, P., Ivens, J., & Verpoest, I. (2003). Natural fibres: can they replace glass in fibre reinforced plastics? Composites Science and Technology, 63(9), 1259-1264. doi:10.1016/s0266-3538(03)00096-4Williams, C., Summerscales, J., & Grove, S. (1996). Resin Infusion under Flexible Tooling (RIFT): a review. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 27(7), 517-524. doi:10.1016/1359-835x(96)00008-5Modi, D., Correia, N., Johnson, M., Long, A., Rudd, C., & Robitaille, F. (2007). Active control of the vacuum infusion process. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 38(5), 1271-1287. doi:10.1016/j.compositesa.2006.11.012Corbière-Nicollier, T., Gfeller Laban, B., Lundquist, L., Leterrier, Y., Månson, J.-A. ., & Jolliet, O. (2001). Life cycle assessment of biofibres replacing glass fibres as reinforcement in plastics. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 33(4), 267-287. doi:10.1016/s0921-3449(01)00089-1Del Rey, R., Alba, J., Bertó, L., & Gregori, A. (2017). Small-sized reverberation chamber for the measurement of sound absorption. Materiales de Construcción, 67(328), 139. doi:10.3989/mc.2017.0731

Calculation of loss of mechanical properties (wt%) through reprocessing and presence of impurities

[EN] Recycled materials are characterized by having endured different reprocessing cycles that cause thermal degradation and by containing often a number of impurities from different sources. In this paper, is studied the calculation of which of these two factors analyzed has more weight in the fall of mechanical properties. To carry out such work has investigated an ABS recycled from alarm systems used in Textile garments sector with presence of impurities of a 4% of PE. The results show that in the case studied, for an ABS reprocessed twice with a presence of 4% of impurities, is obtained that the thermal degradation factor has a weight of 25%, meanwhile, the presence of impurities has a weight of 75% in the fall of its properties.[ES] Los materiales reciclados se caracterizan por haber soportado diferentes ciclos de reprocesados que provocan degradación térmica y por contener frecuentemente una serie de impurezas de distinta procedencia. En este trabajo se expone el cálculo de cuál de estos dos factores tiene más peso en la caída de propiedades mecánicas. Para la realización de dicho trabajo se ha investigado un ABS reciclado procedente de sistemas de alarma utilizadas en prendas del sector Textil con una presencia de impurezas del 4% de PE. Los resultados muestran que en el caso estudiado, un ABS reprocesado dos veces y con una presencia de impurezas del 4%, el factor de la degradación térmica tiene un peso de un 25%, mientras que el otro factor, la presencias de impurezas tiene un peso del 75% en la caída de propiedades.Peydro, MA.; Parres, F.; Navarro Vidal, R.; Juárez Varón, D. (2015). Cálculo de pérdida de propiedades mecánicas (%) a través de reprocesado y presencia de impurezas. 3C Tecnología. 4(2):45-53. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/65402S45534

Study of rheological behavior of reprocessing polyamide 6

The effect of reprocessing Polyamide 6 (PA6) has been studied in this paper. To simulate recycled PA, we reprocessed virgin PA through 5 cycles. The PA has been rheologically characterized after the various cycles of reprocessing in order to evaluate their corresponding properties and correlate them with the number of cycles undergone. In order to widen our injection simulation analysis by computer (CAE: Computer Aided Engineering) of these new materials, it was necessary to determine the viscosity using a mathematical model, in this case the Cross-WLF, to determine the relevant parameters. Our results show that viscosity decrease, as the number of reprocessing cycles increases.Peydro, MA.; Juárez Varón, D.; Crespo Amorós, JE.; Parres, F. (2011). Study of rheological behavior of reprocessing polyamide 6. Annals of The University of Oradea. 10(20):421-425. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/35902S421425102

Design of innovation in a technical subject

Copyright (2009) American Institute of Physics. This article may be downloaded for personal use only. Any other use requires prior permission of the author and the American Institute of Physics. The following article appeared in AIP Conf. Proc. 1181, 738 (2009) and may be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3273695.The greatest motivation found in the teaching of the subject Mechanical Technology is the ability to speak to students about manufacturing technologies. The main objective of learning in this subject is a global vision of the manufacturing process, and its optimization in terms of applicability to the real world. The best way for students to learn these concepts is for the teacher to explain them with a more global view aimed at reaching a comprehensive vision with a high degree of detail.Juárez Varón, D.; Peydro, MA.; Reig Pérez, MJ.; Parres, F. (2009). Design of innovation in a technical subject. American Institute of Physics (AIP). doi:10.1063/1.3273695

Estudio de la miscibilidad de polímeros a través del análisis de la fractura

La miscibilidad entre materiales es un campo de la ciencia de gran importancia ya que estos estudios en metales han permitido conseguir las diversas aleaciones que se utilizan a nivel industrial. Estos estudios se han trasladado al campo de los polímeros y existen múltiples estudios que tratan de ello, donde se utilizan técnicas analíticas de diversa sensibilidad para evaluar los efectos en las propiedades mecánicas, térmicas, reológicas de dichas mezclas. Por otro lado, la mecánica de la fractura es aquella parte de la ciencia de los materiales que analiza la superficie de fractura con el fin de vincular dicha superficie a unas condiciones de tensión y tipo de esfuerzo. Estos estudios se han aplicado enormemente en los materiales metálicos, siendo en menor número los que se pueden encontrar respecto materiales poliméricos. La información que puede aportar el estudio de las superficies de fractura solo poseen carácter cualitativo y no cuantitativo, pero la presencia de zonas lisas, rugosidades, desgarros y otros fenómenos permiten acotar las causas que han podido provocar dichas morfologías superficialePeydro, MA.; Parres, F.; Navarro Vidal, R.; Crespo Amorós, JE. (2013). Estudio de la miscibilidad de polímeros a través del análisis de la fractura. Compobell, S.L. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/73819

Study of the thermal properties of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene - High Impact Polystyrene blends with Styrene Ethylene Butylene Styrene

[EN] A binary blend Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ¿ High Impact Polystyrene (ABS-HIPS 50% wt) was prepared on a twin-screw extruder at 190-210 oC. The different properties were then analyzed using melt flow index (MFI), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). FTIR analysis indicated heterogeneous distribution of the blend in injected pieces and SEM micrographs show heterogeneous distribution of both phase (ABS and HIPS). On the other hand, we have prepared ternary blends of ABS-HIPS-Styrene Ethylene Butylene Styrene (SEBS), varying the percentage of SEBS from 10 to 30 %wt using a twin screw extruder at 190-210oC. The addition of SEBS to the binary system (ABS-HIPS) allowed us to increase the ductile properties as well as reducing the viscosity.We would like to thank the Vice-Directorate of Research, Development and Innovation of the Polytechnic University of Valencia for the help granted to the project: “Ternary systems research applied to polymeric materials for the upgrading of waste styrene”, Ref: 20091056 within the program of First Projects of Investigation (PAID 06-09) where this work is framed.Peydro Rasero, MÁ.; Juárez Varón, D.; Sánchez Caballero, S.; Parres, F. (2013). Study of the thermal properties of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene - High Impact Polystyrene blends with Styrene Ethylene Butylene Styrene. Annals of The University of Oradea. XXII(1):273-276. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/35953S273276XXII

Los problemas en ingeniería

[ES] La resolución de problemas constituye una de las facetas educativas que cualquier alumno suele relacionar con las enseñanzas técnicas. Ese reconocimiento suele también identificarse con listas interminables de problemas suministradas por el profesor o incluidas en monografías, en las que el alumno es incapaz de hallar una mínima relación con los problemas que acontecen en su quehacer diario o en la Ciencia real. Las conductas que desencadena en el profesor y en el alumno la resolución de problemas vienen a estar impregnadas de una serie de rutinas descontextualizadas, inalteradas década tras década y que promueven el aprendizaje memorístico más que la oportunidad de indagar en la comprensión del contenido científico. En este trabajo se expone cómo mejorar el proceso de resolución de problemas, y también se exponen indicaciones de como evaluar el aprendizaje.Sellés, M.; Pérez Bernabeu, E.; Sanchez-Caballero, S.; Crespo, J.; Parres, F. (2011). Los problemas en ingeniería. Instituto de Ciencias de la Educación de la Universidad de Alicante. 2317-2325. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/178197S2317232