Evapotranspiration of Rewetted and Drained Fen Soils With Grass – Long Term Lysimeter Studies

In the context of reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to combat climate change, rewetting of peatlands is of particular importance. High groundwater levels covering organic matter in the soil prevent its oxidation to CO2. The amount of water needed to allow the rewetting of peatlands can be determined in lysimeter studies. The evapotranspiration in fens depends essentially on the groundwater table, the vegetation (transpirational active biomass) and the saturation deficit of the atmosphere. After rewetting, these factors can lead to an evapotranspiration of 1000 l m-2 a-1 and even 2000 l m-2 a-1 in dry years depending on the vegetation. In a long term experiment over 20 years, the lysimeters planted with Phragmites australis showed the highest evapotranspiration rates, followed by those covered with Carex species. Evaluation of these results for a large, flooded, rewetted fen area in the Havelländisches Luch in the federal state of Brandenburg, Germany, with Phragmites confirmed the high values of evapotranspiration measured at the groundwater lysimeter station of ZALF in Paulinenau

Impact of Type of K Fertilizer on DCAD of Fen Grassland in Northeast Germany

A lower DCAD is required in the diet fed during the prepartum period, but increasing the DCAD of diets fed during lactation increased milk yield and dry matter intake (Overton 2020). We conducted 3 cutting date/type of fertilizer trials, harvested with 5, 4 and 3 cuts per year over 3 years. Compared to the chloride based K fertilizer, the application of a sulphate based K fertilizer did not change dry matter yield and fodder quality (NEL-, XP-content) but led to significant higher DCAD in the grass in cut 1 - 3 of all trials over 3 years. The increase of DCAD amounted to approximately 100 to 150 in the first, 50 to 100 in the second and 40 to 80 meq kg-1 DM in the third cut. The findings correspond to results from grassland on other soils in Germany

Nutrient Balances of Rewetted Fens – Groundwater Lysimeter Results

With the raising of groundwater levels to protect fens and the climate, there may be a risk of nutrients, such as nitrogen or potassium, leaching into the groundwater. Great amounts of nutrients, which are accumulated largely by peat forming plants like Phragmites australis and Carex spec., are conveyed into rewetted fens through high amounts of introduced water. Nitrogen leaching into the groundwater is very low even at the beginning of flooding and there is no sudden, pronounced leaching. Only a portion of potassium is taken up by plants whereas the rest might be found in the groundwater. Increasing nutrient inputs must be expected as soon as more contaminated water is added contributing to the regeneration of groundwater and increasing the pollution with nutrients at once

The Environmental Effects of Global Changes on Northeast Central Europe in the Case of Non-Modified Agricultural Management

Climate impact scenarios for agriculture usually consider yield development, landscape water balance, nutrient dynamics or the endangerment of habitats separately. Scenario results are further limited by roughly discriminated land use types at low spatial resolution or they are restricted to single sites and isolated crops. Here, we exemplify a well data based comprehensive sensitivity analysis of a drought endangered agrarian region in Northeast Germany using a 2050 climate scenario. Coherently modelled results on water balance and yields indicate that agricultural production may persist, whereas wetlands and groundwater production will be negatively affected. The average percolation rate decreases from 143 mm a-1 to 12 mm a-1, and the average yield decline broken down by crops ranges from 4% for summer wheat to 14% for potatoes (main cereals: 5%)

An ILP solution for the gene duplication problem

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The gene duplication (GD) problem seeks a species tree that implies the fewest gene duplication events across a given collection of gene trees. Solving this problem makes it possible to use large gene families with complex histories of duplication and loss to infer phylogenetic trees. However, the GD problem is NP-hard, and therefore, most analyses use heuristics that lack any performance guarantee.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We describe the first integer linear programming (ILP) formulation to solve instances of the gene duplication problem exactly. With simulations, we demonstrate that the ILP solution can solve problem instances with up to 14 taxa. Furthermore, we apply the new ILP solution to solve the gene duplication problem for the seed plant phylogeny using a 12-taxon, 6, 084-gene data set. The unique, optimal solution, which places Gnetales sister to the conifers, represents a new, large-scale genomic perspective on one of the most puzzling questions in plant systematics.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Although the GD problem is NP-hard, our novel ILP solution for it can solve instances with data sets consisting of as many as 14 taxa and 1, 000 genes in a few hours. These are the largest instances that have been solved to optimally to date. Thus, this work can provide large-scale genomic perspectives on phylogenetic questions that previously could only be addressed by heuristic estimates.</p

The current state of soil cover in Kazakhstan, problems and solution

The main directions of scientific activity of the U.U.Uspanov Kazakh Research Institute of Soil Science and Agrochemistry is study of regularities in soil formation under anthropogenic pressure; rational use and increase of bio-productivity of soil resources; development of new technologies to improve soil fertility and crop productivity; assessment of the ecological state of soils in the conditions of anthropogenesis and development of measures for their improvement; provision of consulting and practical services for survey and preparation of agrochemical cartograms and map- schemes with various scales

Europa. Central. 1:5700000

Coordenadas : E21 -E39 /N55 -N45 . Meridiano de Ferro. Constan ademas coordenadas según el meridiano de ParísLeyenda de signos utilizadosMapa concluido ('Abgeschlossen') en Diciembre de 187

ORIENTE MEDIO. 1:3700000

Constan además coordenadas según el meridiano de París y FerroRelieve : líneas perpendiculares normalesLeyenda de signos utilizadosInserta : Smyrna (Ismir) und Umgebung. - Escala 1:50000

Effective organic matter stock management in agricultural practices: modeling and observation

Long-term fertilization experiments (LTFE), with the focus on analyzing soil fertility indicators and their interrelation with crop have fundamental importance for monitoring, modeling, and controlling the status of soils. Validation datasets from LTFE provide the basis for understanding cropland responses to key natural and management drivers such as climate and productivity, land use changes, soil fertility and greenhouse gas emissions. RothC model was used for simulation soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks in several Russian LTFE with mineral and organic fertilization. RothC was able to adequately simulate long-term SOC stock changes in the arable layer of different treatments of fertilization experiments on Podzols, Albeluvisols and Chernozems. Annual C inputs sufficient for maintaining constant SOM stocks and additional C gain were estimated. Simulation of SOC dynamics for plots with no fertilization and the lowest SOC stock revealed that above ground NPP input is sufficient for maintaining constant SOM stocks after conversion to a grassland for forage production and returning FYM in the same plot. The changes in the observed trends for different fields with the same treatments are related to the initial level of soil fertility and different crop-climatic year combinations. This simulation has demonstrated the role of crop rotations and fallowing in SOC dynamics and revealed possible C sequestration in a short-term as it is highly yield-dependent. Agricultural soils are sensitive to small changes of extreme year’s pattern with more expressed loss of the initial C stock under intensive management systems

Assessment of crop yields in modern agriculture on the basis of GIS-Technologies

Information-analytical system of ensuring agricultural technologies was developed on the base of several GIS and models of crop yield.The system included creation of maps of potential yield (function of the natural factors) and possible (function of the real level of the fieldfertility) yield of various crops. These dateswere received in the mass field experiments with fertilizers and in available modern bases ofagrochemical, landscape, climatic parameters. The uneven distribution of natural properties- for example, soil quality, topography, microclimate - on the territory of any size determined a different degree of their suitability for growing different groups of crops. The methodology for calculating the yield of various cropswas based on independent objective assessment of different impact factors bythe methods of linear and nonlinear multiple regression.Modeling results were presented in the form of yield maps with using several GIS.Impact yield factors are divided into two big groups – natural (climate, topography, soils, etc.) and agrochemical (applicationof fertilizers, plant protection agents, intensity of cultivation technologies, etc.)