TERMORRESISTÊNCIA E SENSIBILIDADE A ANTIBIÓTICOS E QUIMIOTERÁPICOS DE CEPAS DE S. aureus ISOLADOS DE MATERIAIS ENVOLVIDOS EM INTOXICAÇÃO POR ENTEROTOXINA ESTAFILOCÓCICA, NO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO*

Twenty-two S. aure strain isolated Eram Eood-borne diseases, were tested evaluate their thermo-resistance and antimicrobial susceptibility. Among _ strains fram meat origin, one was resistant to Penicillin G, Kanamycin and to Tetracycline; another strain was resistant to penicillin G and to Tetracycline and three were resistant to Penicillin G only. Analysis of twelve strains isolated fram cake derronst rat.ed one resistant to Penicillin G - o Nalidixic acid, one resistant to Penicillin G and to Kanamycin and ther resistant to Penicillin G and to polimyxin B. Six strains were resistant to Penicillin G only and three were susceptible to alI tested agents. One strain isolated fram farofa was resistant to Penicillin G and Kanamycin. Concerning the confectionary products, one strain isolated was  resistant to Penicillin G and to Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, and another one was susceptible to alI the antimicrobials. Among two food- handlers' nasopharynx isolated, one, strain was resistant to Ampicillin and to Penicillin G, and the other one showed resistance to Phosphomycin. The thermo-resistance testing of twenty-five strains showed that five of them (20%) were viable when tested immediatly after being exposed to 68°C for minutes. Recovery of five strains (20%) was achieved after incubation of negative tubes.Foram realizados testes de termorresistência e teste de sensibilidade aos antibióticos e quimioterápicos em 22 cepas de S. aureus isoladas de eventos de doenças veiculadas por alimentos. Das 5 cepas isoladas de carne, uma apresentou resistência a penicilina/kanamicina/tetraci clina, outra cepa para penicilina/tetraciclina e as de­mais apenas para penicilina. Das doze cepas isoladas de bolo; três apresentaram resistência para penicilina/ácido nalidíxico, penicilina/kanamicina e penicilina/polimi xina B, outras seis somente para penicilina e as demais sensíveis para todos os agentes testados. Uma cepa isolada de farofa apresentou resistência a penicilina/kanamicina. Das duas cepas isoladas de produtos de confeita­ria, uma apresentou resistência dupla penicilina/sulfame toxazol-trimetoprim e a outra sensível a todos os agentes testados. Das duas cepas isoladas de nasofaringe de manipuladores de alimentos, uma foi resistente a ampici­lina/penicilina e a outra a fosfomicina. O teste de ter­morresistência de 25 cepas mostrou que 5 (20%) estavam viáveis imediatamente apÓs a exposição a 68°C por 10 mi­nutos. Dos tubos negativos, após a incubação foram ainda recuperadas 5 cepas (20%)

MICROBIAL INHIBITORS EVALUATED BY DELVO-TEST IN MILK FOR CONSUMPTION IN SÃO PAULO STATE (BRAZIL)

Foram testadas 648 amostras de leite para presença de inibidores microbianos através do Delvo teste. Destas, 12,72% foram positivas. Os tipos de leite revelaram: presença de inibidores em 44 amostras do tipo B (17,32%), em 8 do tipo C (8,25%), em 21 do tipo especial -3,2% de gordura (11,05%), em 5 do tipo magro - 2% de gordura (18,52%) e em 9'de leite cru, não pasteurizado (8,82%). As demais amostras, que incluem 14 do tipo A num total de 597 amostras, foram negativas para a presença de inibidores, avaliados pelo Delvo teste. A região de Bauru e Sorocaba revelaram número significativamente maior de amostras positivas com relação às demais regiões (respectivamente, 5 amostras positivas em 9 analisadas e 21 positivas em 135 analisadas). Six hundred and eighty four milk samples were tested for anti-microbial substances by the Delvo-test. Presented positive results 12,72%. Evaluation by classes of milk, revealed positive: 44 samples from type B 17,32%, 8 type C 8,25%, 21 special type-3,2% fat content 11,05%, 5 of 2% of fat content 18,52% and 9 non pasteurized 8,82%. AlI others 597 samples, that includes 14 type A, resulted negative for anti-microbial substances by the Delvo-test. Bauru and Sorocaba regions showed a significantly high number of positive samples when compared to others regions (respectively 5 positives among 9 and 21 among 135 samples analysed)

The association between lower educational attainment and depression owing to shared genetic effects? Results in ∼25 000 subjects: Results in ~25,000 subjects

An association between lower educational attainment (EA) and an increased risk for depression has been confirmed in various western countries. This study examines whether pleiotropic genetic effects contribute to this association. Therefore, data were analyzed from a total of 9662 major depressive disorder (MDD) cases and 14 949 controls (with no lifetime MDD diagnosis) from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium with additional Dutch and Estonian data. The association of EA and MDD was assessed with logistic regression in 15 138 individuals indicating a significantly negative association in our sample with an odds ratio for MDD 0.78 (0.75-0.82) per standard deviation increase in EA. With data of 884 105 autosomal common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), three methods were applied to test for pleiotropy between MDD and EA: (i) genetic profile risk scores (GPRS) derived from training data for EA (independent meta-analysis on ∼120 000 subjects) and MDD (using a 10-fold leave-one-out procedure in the current sample), (ii) bivariate genomic-relationship-matrix restricted maximum likelihood (GREML) and (iii) SNP effect concordance analysis (SECA). With these methods, we found (i) that the EA-GPRS did not predict MDD status, and MDD-GPRS did not predict EA, (ii) a weak negative genetic correlation with bivariate GREML analyses, but this correlation was not consistently significant, (iii) no evidence for concordance of MDD and EA SNP effects with SECA analysis. To conclude, our study confirms an association of lower EA and MDD risk, but this association was not because of measurable pleiotropic genetic effects, which suggests that environmental factors could be involved, for example, socioeconomic status