42 research outputs found
Confinement and Topological Charge in the Abelian Gauge of QCD
We study the relation between instantons and monopoles in the abelian gauge.
First, we investigate the monopole in the multi-instanton solution in the
continuum Yang-Mills theory using the Polyakov gauge. At a large instanton
density, the monopole trajectory becomes highly complicated, which can be
regarded as a signal of monopole condensation. Second, we study instantons and
monopoles in the SU(2) lattice gauge theory both in the maximally abelian (MA)
gauge and in the Polyakov gauge. Using the lattice, we find
monopole dominance for instantons in the confinement phase even at finite
temperatures. A linear-type correlation is found between the total
monopole-loop length and the integral of the absolute value of the topological
density (the total number of instantons and anti-instantons) in the MA gauge.
We conjecture that instantons enhance the monopole-loop length and promote
monopole condensation.Comment: 3 pages, LaTeX, Talk presented at LATTICE96(topology
Stretching in a model of a turbulent flow
Using a multi-scaled, chaotic flow known as the KS model of turbulence, we
investigate the dependence of Lyapunov exponents on various characteristics of
the flow. We show that the KS model yields a power law relation between the
Reynolds number and the maximum Lyapunov exponent, which is similar to that for
a turbulent flow with the same energy spectrum. Our results show that the
Lyapunov exponents are sensitive to the advection of small eddies by large
eddies, which can be explained by considering the Lagrangian correlation time
of the smallest scales. We also relate the number of stagnation points within a
flow to the maximum Lyapunov exponent, and suggest a linear dependence between
the two characteristics.Comment: 7 pages, 10 figure
Weyl Invariant Formulation of Flux-Tube Solution in the Dual Ginzburg-Landau Theory
The flux-tube solution in the dual Ginzburg-Landau (DGL) theory in the
Bogomol'nyi limit is studied by using the manifestly Weyl invariant form of the
DGL Lagrangian. The dual gauge symmetry is extended to , and
accordingly, there appear three different types of the flux-tube. The string
tension for each flux-tube is calculated analytically and is found to be the
same owing to the Weyl symmetry. It is suggested that the flux-tube can be
treated in quite a similar way with the Abrikosov-Nielsen-Olesen vortex in the
U(1) Abelian Higgs theory except for various types of flux-tube.Comment: 12 pages, revtex, no figur
Monopole Clustering and Color Confinement in the Multi-Instanton System
We study color confinement properties of the multi-instanton system, which
seems to carry an essence of the nonperturbative QCD vacuum. Here we assume
that the multi-instanton system is characterized by the infrared suppression of
instantons as for large size . We first
investigate a monopole-clustering appearing in the maximally abelian (MA) gauge
by considering the correspondence between instantons and monopoles. In order to
clarify the infrared monopole properties, we make the ``block-spin''
transformation for monopole currents. The feature of monopole trajectories
changes drastically with the instanton density. At a high instanton density,
there appears one very long and highly complicated monopole loop covering the
entire physical vacuum. Such a global network of long-monopole loops resembles
the lattice QCD result in the MA gauge. Second, we observe that the SU(2)
Wilson loop obeys an area law and the static quark potential is approximately
proportional to the distance between quark and anti-quark in the
multi-instanton system using the SU(2) lattice with a total volume of and a lattice spacing of . We extract the string tension from
the measurements of Wilson loops. With an instanton density
of and a average instanton size of , the
multi-instanton system provides the string tension of about
Flux-Tube Ring and Glueball Properties in the Dual Ginzburg-Landau Theory
An intuitive approach to the glueball using the flux-tube ring solution in
the dual Ginzburg-Landau theory is presented. The description of the flux-tube
ring as the relativistic closed string with the effective string tension
enables us to write the hamiltonian of the flux-tube ring using the Nambu-Goto
action. Analyzing the Schr\"odinger equation, we discuss the mass spectrum and
the wave function of the glueball. The lowest glueball state is found to have
the mass and the size .Comment: 24 pages, 6 figures, revte
Sarcopenia; Aging-related loss of muscle mass and function
Sarcopenia is a loss of muscle mass and function in the elderly that reduces mobility, diminishes quality of life, and can lead to fall-related injuries, which require costly hospitalization and extended rehabilitation. This review focuses on the aging-related structural changes and mechanisms at cellular and subcellular levels underlying changes in the individual motor unit: specifically, the perikaryon of -motoneuron, its neuromuscular junction(s), and the muscle fibers that it innervates. Loss of muscle mass with aging, which is largely due to the progressive loss of motoneurons, is associated with reduced muscle fiber number and size. Muscle function progressively declines because motoneuron loss is not adequately compensated by reinnervation of muscle fibers by the remaining motoneurons. At the intracellular level, key factors are qualitative changes in posttranslational modifications of muscle proteins and the loss of coordinated control between contractile, mitochondrial, and sarcoplasmic reticulum protein expression. Quantitative and qualitative changes in skeletal muscle during the process of aging also have been implicated in the pathogenesis of acquired and hereditary neuromuscular disorders. In experimental models, specific intervention strategies have shown encouraging results on limiting deterioration of motor unit structure and function under conditions of impaired innervation. Translated to the clinic, if these or similar interventions, by saving muscle and improving mobility, could help alleviate sarcopenia in the elderly, there would be both great humanitarian benefits and large cost savings for health care systems