Additional file 1: of Multi-cellular human bronchial models exposed to diesel exhaust particles: assessment of inflammation, oxidative stress and macrophage polarization

Supplement. Table S1. Primer Used for Quantitative Real-Time PCR (qPCR). Figure S1. Positive controls for inflammation, oxidative stress and M1/M2 polarization. Figure S2. Release and mRNA expression of inflammatory biomarkers after exposures to diesel exhaust particulates (DEPs). Figure S3. Cytotoxicity and cell viability assays to assess the effect of diesel exhaust particles (DEP) exposure in air-liquid interface models using lactate dehydrogenase assay (LDH) and apoptotic cell rate. Figure S4. The ratios of primary bronchial epithelial cells (PBEC) and THP-1 cell derived macrophages (MQ) in PBEC-ALI/MQ after exposure to diesel exhaust particulates (DEPs). Figure S5. mRNA expression of M1 macrophage markers after exposure to diesel exhaust particles (DEP). (ZIP 1014ย�kb

Observation of an excited C2-4 ion

This paper reports an experimental investigation of the electron impact detachment of C−4. We observe structure in the electron impact cross section for detaching a single electron from a C−4 cluster anion, which we attribute to the formation and decay of the C2−4 dianion. The system is energetically unstable and very rapidly decays via double autodetachment. The energy and width of the resonance were determined to be 8.8(5) eV and 1.4(5) eV, respectively, and the resonance lies 1.5(5) eV above the ground state of the neutral system. The experiment was conducted by merging monoenergetic electron and ion beams in the heavy ion storage ring CRYRING. The detachment channel was monitored by detecting neutral C4 fragments

Extreme genome reduction in Buchnera spp.: Toward the minimal genome needed for symbiotic life

Buchnera is a mutualistic intracellular symbiont of aphids. Their association began about 200 million years ago, with host and symbiont lineages evolving in parallel since that time. During this coevolutionary process, Buchnera has experienced a dramatic decrease of genome size, retaining only essential genes for its specialized lifestyle. Previous studies reported that genome size in Buchnera spp. is very uniform, suggesting that genome shrinkage occurred early in evolution, and that modern lineages retain the genome size of a common ancestor. Our physical mapping of Buchnera genomes obtained from five aphid lineages shows that the genome size is not conserved among them, but has been reduced down to 450 kb in some species. Here we show evidence of six species with a genome size smaller than Mycoplasma genitalium, the smallest bacterial genome reported thus far (580 kb). Our findings strongly suggest that the Buchnera genome is still experiencing a reductive process toward a minimum set of genes necessary for its symbiotic lifestyle