Obesity-Related Oxidative Stress: the Impact of Physical Activity and Diet Manipulation

Obesity-related oxidative stress, the imbalance between pro-oxidants and antioxidants (e.g., nitric oxide), has been linked to metabolic and cardiovascular disease, including endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are essential for physiological functions including gene expression, cellular growth, infection defense, and modulating endothelial function. However, elevated ROS and/or diminished antioxidant capacity leading to oxidative stress can lead to dysfunction. Physical activity also results in an acute state of oxidative stress. However, it is likely that chronic physical activity provides a stimulus for favorable oxidative adaptations and enhanced physiological performance and physical health, although distinct responses between aerobic and anaerobic activities warrant further investigation. Studies support the benefits of dietary modification as well as exercise interventions in alleviating oxidative stress susceptibility. Since obese individuals tend to demonstrate elevated markers of oxidative stress, the implications for this population are significant. Therefore, in this review our aim is to discuss (i) the role of oxidative stress and inflammation as associated with obesity-related diseases, (ii) the potential concerns and benefits of exercise-mediated oxidative stress, and (iii) the advantageous role of dietary modification, including acute or chronic caloric restriction and vitamin D supplementation

Different complexation behaviour of a proton transfer compound obtained from pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid and creatine with Tl(I), Cu(II), Fe(III), and Bi(III): synthesis, characterization, crystal structures and solution studies

The dif fer ent complexation meth ods of a pro ton trans fer com pound, (creatH)(pydcH)·H2O (pydcH2 = pyridine-2,6-di car box yl ic acid; creat = creatinine) with metal ions have been stud ied and for ma tion of [(Tl(pydcH)]n (1) , [(Fe(pydc)(H2O)2)2ox]·6H2O (2), [Cu(pydc)(pydcH2)]·2H2O (3) and (creatH)2[Bi(pydc)2]2·4H2O (4) are re ported. The char ac ter iza tion was per formed us ing IR spec tros copy and sin gle crys tal X-ray dif frac tion anal y sis. The Tl(I) com plex [(Tl(pydcH)]n (1) ob tained from (creatH)(pydcH)·H2O is a poly meric sys tem, show ing only the con tri bu tion of the an ionic spe cies of (creatH)(pydcH)·H2O to the complexation. The Fe(III) and the Cu(II) com plexes [(Fe(pydc)(H2O)2)2ox]·6H2O (2) (ox = ox a late) and [Cu(pydc)(pydcH2)]·2H2O (3) were also ob tained from (creatH)(pydcH)·H2O. The Bi(III) com plex (creatH)2[Bi(pydc)2]2·4H2O (4) is a dimeric sys tem, show ing both con tri bu tion of the cationic and an ionic frag ments. The com plexes 1–4 show a va ri ety of struc tural fea tures in clud ing mononuclear, binuclear, poly meric struc tures and un usual ligand for ma tion. In com pounds (1), (2), (3) and (4), a large num - ber of hy dro gen bonds are ob served. These in ter ac tions as well as p-p stack ing play an im por tant role in the for ma tion and sta bi li za tion of supra mo lecu lar sys tems in the crys tal lat tices. The stoichiometry and sta bil ity of the Cu(II), Tl(I) and Bi(III) com plexes with (pydc)(creat) and Fe(III) with pydc-ox mix ture in aque ous so lu tion were in ves ti gated by potentiometric pH ti tra tion