Adolescent levers for diet and physical activity intervention across socio-ecological levels in Kenya, South Africa, Cameroon and Jamaica: A mixed-methods study protocol

Abstract: Background: The increasing burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), which are prevalent in low and middle income countries (LMICs), is largely attributed to modifiable behavioural risk factors such as poor/unhealthy diets and insufficient physical activity (PA). The adolescent stage–recently defined as 10-24 years of age–is an important formative phase of life and offers an opportunity to reduce NCD risk across the life course and for future generations. Objective: To describe a protocol for a study utilising a convergent mixed methods design to explore exposures in the household, neighbourhood, school, and the journey from home to school, that may influence diet and PA behaviours in adolescents from LMICs. Methods: Male and female adolescents (n ≥150) aged between 13-24 years will be recruited from purposively selected high schools or households in project site countries to ensure socioeconomic diversity of perspectives and experiences at individual, home and neighbourhood levels. The project will be conducted in five sites in four countries: Kenya, Cameroon, Jamaica and South Africa (Cape Town and Johannesburg). Data on anthropometric measures, food intake and PA knowledge and behaviour will be collected using validated self-report questionnaires and objective measurement in a sub-sample. Additionally, a small number of learners (n=30-45) from each site will be purposively selected as citizen scientists to capture data (photos, audio notes, text, and geolocations) on their “lived experiences” in relation to food and PA in their homes, the journey to and from school, and school and neighbourhood environments, using a mobile application (EpiCollect5). In-depth interviews will be conducted with the citizen scientists and their caregivers to explore household experiences and determinants of food intake and foodways, as well as PA of household members. Results: The primary objective and outcome of the study described by this protocol paper is to determine the barriers and facilitators (levers) of healthy diet and PA of adolescents in their household, neighbourhood and school environments, and during the journey from home to school. It is also to compare the similarities and differences of these levers between settings and across socio-ecological domains. Secondary outcomes include to explore the potential of a participatory citizen science approach to build agency among adolescents to inform future policy to promote healthy diet and PA. Data collection is on-going and analysis will follow once data collection is complete. Conclusion: This project protocol contributes to research that focuses on adolescents and the socio-ecological determinants of food intake and PA in LMIC settings. It includes innovative methodologies to interrogate and map the contexts of these determinants and will generate much needed data to understand the multi-level system of factors that can be leveraged through upstream and downstream strategies and interventions to improve health outcomes.All authors are funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) (16/137/34) using UK aid from the UK Government to support global health research. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NIHR or the UK Department of Health and Social Care. SAN and LKM are supported by the South African Medical Research Council. FO-W is supported by the National Institutes of Health Fogarty International Centre and Office of Behavioural and Social Sciences (D43TW010540). KJO is funded in part by the Chronic Disease Initiative for Africa (CDIA) of the Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and the Collaboration for evidence-based Health Care and Public Health in Africa (CEBHA+) Research Network

Sugar-sweetened beverage intake and relative weight gain among South African adults living in resource-poor communities: Longitudinal data from the STOP-SA study

This study examines the prospective association between sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) consumption and change in body weight over a 4–5-year period in a socio-economically disadvantaged South African population.This is a longitudinal study involving 800 adults (212 men, 588 women); 247 from the original METS (Modelling the Epidemiological Transition Study) cohort (N = 504) and 553 of the original 949 members of the PURE (Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiology) Study. Both cohorts were drawn from low-income, socio-economically disadvantaged communities. Mean follow-up duration and age were 4.5 (SD 0.45) and 50.0 (SD 11.8) years, respectively. Harmonised measurements included body mass index, self-reported moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, and intake of meat, snacks and ‘take-aways’, fruits and vegetables and SSB (in servings/week). Multivariate logistic regression models were developed to determine the extent to which SSB consumption predicted relative weight gain, after controlling for potential confounders and known predictors